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. 2019 Feb 14;17:37. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1254-4

Table 2.

Risk of bias of included studies

Study Risk of bias Applicability concerns
Patient selection Index test Reference standard Flow and timing Patient selection Index test Reference standard
Akolekar (2011) [19] High High Unclear Unclear High Low Unclear
Banch-Clausen (2014) [6] Low Low Low Low Unclear Low Low
Chitty (2014) [16] Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Finning (2008) [17] Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Grande (2013) [25] Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Soothill (2015) [18] Low Unclear Low Low Low Low Low
Thurik (2015) [7] Low High Low High Low Low Low
Wikman (2012) [20] Low Low Low Low Unclear High Low

High: high risk of bias; Low: low risk of bias