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. 2019 Feb 13;17:23. doi: 10.1186/s12958-019-0466-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and antioxidants. Effect of DMF administration on the mRNA levels were investigated by qRT-PCR. The mRNA expression of Nrf2, catalase, SOD1, and NQO1 was normalized to RNA loading for each sample using GAPDH mRNA as an internal standard. DMF administration resulted in significant elevation of mRNA levels of Nrf2 (1.50-fold compared to control group, p < 0.05), catalase (1.91-fold compared to control group, p < 0.05), SOD1 (1.42-fold compared to control group, p < 0.05), and NQO1 (1.84-fold compared to control group, p < 0.05). The results are shown as the mean ± SD (bars) of 3 or 4 independent experiments. Simultaneously, DMF administration increased expression of Nrf2, catalase, SOD1, and NQO1 proteins in WB analysis. The protein levels of Keap1 was conversely decreased by DMF administration