Table 2.
Summary Statistics for Pre-Fontan and 6-Year Echocardiographic Measures for the Entire Cohort
| Pre-Fontan | 6 Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Value | |
| RV systolic size and function | ||||
| End systolic volume, ml/BSA1.3 | 76 | 51.55±15.10 | 45.79±12.18 | <.001 |
| End systolic area, cm2/BSA0.8 | 150 | 16.37±3.82 | 15.28±3.57 | <.001 |
| Ejection fraction, biplane pyramidal, % | 76 | 43.81±6.00 | 45.86±5.92 | 0.011 |
| Ejection fraction, biplane pyramidal, % | 76 | 0.12 | ||
| ≤ 40%, n (%) | 22 (28.9%) | 13 (17.1%) | ||
| > 40%, n (%) | 54 (71.1%) | 63 (82.9%) | ||
| Fractional area change, % | 150 | 31.48±5.74 | 33.39±5.53 | <.001 |
| Peak systolic velocity, cm/sec | 80 | 5.55±1.39 | 5.98±1.20 | 0.020 |
| Peak systolic velocity for age, z-score | 80 | −1.58±1.02 | −1.73±0.77 | 0.22 |
| Isovolumic contraction acceleration, cm/sec/sec | 44 | 32.95±9.99 | 31.42±9.91 | 0.41 |
| RV diastolic size and function | ||||
| End diastolic volume, mL/BSA1.3 | 76 | 91.64±25.19 | 84.31±19.50 | 0.011 |
| End diastolic area, cm2/BSA0.8 | 150 | 23.80±4.98 | 22.90±4.83 | 0.043 |
| RV sphericity index | 152 | 1.28±0.30 | 1.26±0.30 | 0.52 |
| Tricuspid valve peak early velocity, m/sec | 154 | 0.78±0.22 | 0.86±0.24 | <.001 |
| Tricuspid valve peak early velocity for age, z-score | 154 | −0.54±1.18 | −0.28±1.30 | 0.013 |
| Tricuspid valve peak atrial velocity, m/sec | 115 | 0.68±0.21 | 0.62±0.21 | 0.006 |
| Tricuspid valve peak atrial velocity for age, z-score | 115 | 1.71±1.73 | 1.36±1.73 | 0.05 |
| E/A ratio | 115 | 1.16±0.40 | 1.49±0.56 | <.001 |
| E/A ratio for age, z-score | 115 | −1.23±0.63 | −0.95±0.88 | <.001 |
| Peak early diastolic annular velocity, cm/sec | 80 | 8.77±2.60 | 9.57±2.87 | 0.038 |
| Peak early diastolic annular velocity for age, z-score | 80 | −2.42±0.96 | −2.64±1.04 | 0.10 |
| Peak atrial diastolic annular velocity, cm/sec | 60 | 6.95±2.32 | 5.86±2.08 | <.001 |
| Peak atrial diastolic annular velocity for age, z-score | 60 | 0.69±1.49 | 0.03±1.31 | 0.002 |
| E/E' ratio | 70 | 9.36±3.94 | 9.94±3.79 | 0.27 |
| E/E' ratio for age, z-score | 70 | 2.11±2.46 | 2.75±2.38 | 0.05 |
| Flow reversal during atrial systole | 129 | 0.60 | ||
| Yes, n (%) | 6 (4.7%) | 9 (7.0%) | ||
| No, n (%) | 123 (95.3%) | 120 (93.0%) | ||
| RV global function | ||||
| MPI, Inflow Doppler/ET calculation | 108 | 0.43±0.17 | 0.47±0.18 | 0.07 |
| MPI DTI calculation | 51 | 0.60±0.21 | 0.64±0.19 | 0.35 |
| Neo-aortic valve size and function | ||||
| Neo-aortic annular area/BSA | 126 | 3.75±0.94 | 3.83±0.99 | 0.31 |
| Neo-aortic annular area for BSA, z-score | 126 | 5.29±2.74 | 5.72±2.94 | 0.10 |
| Severity of neo-aortic valve regurgitation | 205 | 0.40 | ||
| None, n (%) | 119 (58.0%) | 120 (58.5%) | ||
| Mild, n (%) | 77 (37.6%) | 71 (34.6%) | ||
| Moderate, n (%) | 8 (3.9%) | 14 (6.8%) | ||
| Severe, n (%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| ≥ Moderate neo-aortic valve regurgitation | 205 | 0.39 | ||
| Yes, n (%) | 9 (4.4%) | 14 (6.8%) | ||
| No, (%) | 196 (95.6%) | 191 (93.2%) | ||
| Tricuspid valve size and function | ||||
| Tricuspid indexed annular area/BSA | 183 | 5.75±1.70 | 5.70±1.54 | 0.69 |
| Tricuspid indexed annular area for BSA, z-score | 183 | 2.16±2.07 | 2.13±1.90 | 0.85 |
| Severity of tricuspid valve regurgitation | 208 | 0.044 | ||
| None, n (%) | 27 (13.0%) | 12 (5.8%) | ||
| Mild, n (%) | 141 (67.8%) | 162 (77.9%) | ||
| Moderate, n (%) | 31 (14.9%) | 28 (13.5%) | ||
| Severe, n (%) | 9 (4.3%) | 6 (2.9%) | ||
| Multiple, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| ≥Moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation | 208 | 0.52 | ||
| Yes, n (%) | 40 (19.2%) | 34 (16.3%) | ||
| No, n (%) | 168 (80.8%) | 174 (83.7%) | ||
| Neo-aortic size and patency | ||||
| Ascending neoaortic maximal diameter, cm | 157 | 1.94±0.39 | 2.18±0.45 | <.001 |
| Ascending neoaortic maximal diameter for BSA, z-score | 157 | 3.35±2.31 | 3.16±2.52 | 0.28 |
| Distal arch to descending aorta CWD peak velocity, m/sec | 131 | 1.73±0.53 | 1.79±0.54 | 0.07 |
BSA = body surface area; CWD = continuous wave Doppler; DTI = Doppler tissue imaging; MPI=myocardial performance index; RV=right ventricle; SD = standard deviation