Table 1.
ABCD Substance Use Module Measures Overview (by Youth- and Parent-Administered Measures).
| Youth Measures | Construct | Gating | Drugs Covered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifetime and Recent Substance Use Patterns | |||
| Lifetime Use Interview (Lisdahl and Price, 2012) | Lifetime patterns of use (ever used, lifetime quantity, first and regular use, length of abstinence) | If heard of substance | All drug categories |
| Web-based TLFB (Sobell and Sobell, 1996, Robinson et al., 2014) | Past 6-month detailed patterns of substance use (baseline); during follow-up years, will cover time since last assessment | If heard of substance and used in past 6 months | All drug categories |
| PLUS form (Brown et al., 2015)* | Hours since last use of nicotine, caffeine or prescription medication (up to 24 h) | If used in lifetime; administered each session | Nicotine, caffeine, OTC, prescription medications |
| Supplemental Beverage Questionnaire | Average caffeine use per week during last 6 months, maximum caffeine dose | If heard of caffeinated beverages | Caffeine |
| iSay Sip Inventory (Jackson et al., 2015) | Alcohol low-level use (sipping) | If heard of alcohol and if endorsed sipping alcohol | Alcohol (first sip) |
| Cannabis low-level use | Cannabis low level use (first puff or taste of marijuana) | If heard of cannabis and if endorsed puff or taste | Cannabis (first puff or taste) |
| Nicotine low-level use | Nicotine low-level use (first puff nicotine, first dip smokeless tobacco) | If heard of nicotine and if endorsed puff or dip | Nicotine (first use of cigarette, e-cigarette or smokeless tobacco) |
| Factors Impacting Substance Use Risk | |||
| Intention to Use (Hyland et al., 2016) + | Extent that youth are curious about or intent to use substances | If heard of alcohol, nicotine and/or cannabis, but have not initiated use | Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine |
| Peer Substance Use (Johnston et al., 2017) *,^ | Youth reports substance use in their peer group | For each question, if heard of substance | Alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, inhalants, other drugs (e.g., cocaine, downers, LSD) |
| Peer Tolerance (Johnston et al., 2017) ^ | Youth’s report on their peer’s tolerance of substance use | For each question, if heard of substance | Alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, inhalants, and prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine |
| Perceived Harm (Johnston et al., 2017) ^ | Youth’s report on perceived harm of various substances | For each question, if heard of substance | Alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, inhalants, and prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine |
| AEQ-AB (Stein et al., 2007) * | Youth’s expectancies about alcohol | If heard of alcohol | Alcohol |
| MEEQ-B (Torrealday et al., 2008) | Youth’s expectancies about cannabis | If heard of cannabis | Cannabis |
| ASCQ-modified (Lewis-Esquerre et al., 2005) | Youth’s expectancies about nicotine | If heard of nicotine | Nicotine |
| SRE (Schuckit et al., 2008) * | Youth’s acute subjective response to alcohol (first use, last 3 months, heaviest period of use) | If heard of alcohol and used once in lifetime. | Alcohol |
| Acute Subjective Response to Marijuana scale (Agrawal et al., 2014) | Youth’s acute subjective response to first cannabis exposure | If heard of cannabis and used once in lifetime. | Cannabis |
| Acute Subjective Responses to Tobacco (Trinidad et al., 2018) + | Youth’s acute subjective response to first nicotine exposure | If heard of nicotine and used once in lifetime. | Nicotine (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or smokeless tobacco) |
| Consequences of Substance Use | |||
| HSS (Slutske et al., 2003) * | Cumulative symptoms of hangover from alcohol use | If heard of alcohol and if used on 2+ (9–11 year olds) or 3+ (12+ years) occasions in past 6 months | Alcohol |
| RAPI (White and Labouvie, 1989) | Cumulative problem symptoms due to alcohol use | If heard of alcohol and if used on 2+ (9–11 year olds) or 3+ (12+ years) occasions in past 6 months | Alcohol |
| MPI (Johnson and White, 1989, Simons et al., 1998) | Cumulative problem symptoms due to cannabis use | If heard of cannabis and if used on 2+ (9–11 year olds) or 3+ (12+ years) occasions in past 6 months | Cannabis |
| Nicotine Dependence (Hyland et al., 2016) + | Cumulative symptoms of nicotine dependence | If heard of nicotine and if used on 2+ (9–11 year olds) or 3+ (12+ years) occasions in past 6 months | Nicotine |
| DPI (Johnson and White, 1989, Caldwell, 2002, Kingston et al., 2011) | Cumulative problem symptoms due to other illicit drug use (excluding cannabis) | If heard of other illicit drug and if used on 2+ (9–11 year olds) or 3+ (12+ years) occasions in past 6 months | Any other illicit drug (excluding cannabis) |
| Parent Measures | Construct | Gating | Drugs Covered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recent Substance Use | |||
| PLUS form (Brown et al., 2015) * | Hours since last use of caffeine or prescription medication (up to 24 h) | None | Caffeine, OTC, prescription medications |
| Factors Impacting Substance Use Risk | |||
| Availability of Substances (Johnston et al., 2017) ^ | Parent reports how easily youth may access substances in their environment. | None | Alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, other drugs (e.g., cocaine, LSD or amphetamines), medical cannabis |
| Parent Rules (Arthur et al., 2007) | Parental rules on drinking, cigarettes, and cannabis use | None | Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine |
Notes: Gating means certain questions must be answered positively or negatively in order for the youth to receive that question. OTC = over the counter; AEQ-AB = Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire- Adolescent, Brief; MEEQ-B = Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire- Brief; ASCQ = Adolescent Smoking Consequences Questionnaire; SRE = Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol; HSS = Hangover Symptom Scale; RAPI = Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index; MPI = Marijuana Problem Index; DPI = Drug Problem Index. “All drug categories” include alcohol, cannabis and cannabinoids (smoked cannabis, edible cannabis, cannabis concentrations, cannabis-infused alcohol, cannabis tinctures, synthetic cannabinoids), nicotine (tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, hookah, tobacco pipe, nicotine replacement), cocaine or crack cocaine, cathinones, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, gamma hydroxybutyrate, heroin, hallucinogens (lysergic acid diethylamide, phencyclidine, peyote, mescaline, N-dimethyltryptamine, alpha-methyltryptamine, or 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine), psilocybin, salvia, anabolic steroids, inhalants, prescription stimulants, prescription sedatives, prescription opioids, and OTC cough or cold medicine. Harmonization note: instruments overlap with the * National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) Study (http://ncanda.org/) (Brown et al., 2015), +Monitoring the Future (MTF) Study (http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/) (Institute for Social Research and U.o.M. Monitoring the Future, 2010) and ^ Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (https://pathstudyinfo.nih.gov/UI/HomeMobile.aspx) (Hyland et al., 2016).