Table 4.

Statistical outcomes for physiological data in F2 female and male rats.

Measure	Treatment	$\text{Mean}\pm \text{SEM}$	N	F (df) for ANOVA; Chi square (df) for Kruskal-Wallis	p-Value	Effect sizes: partial-eta-square (ANOVA); Episilon-square (Kruskal-Wallis)	Post hocs	Outliers (n, if any)
Vaginal opening (days of age)
Maternal females	VEH	$33.9\pm 0.5$	13	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,39}\right)=0.79$	0.46	0.04		2
	A1221	$33.5\pm 0.6$	12
	VIN	$33.1\pm 0.3$	17
Paternal females	VEH	$34.9\pm 0.2$	17	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,45}\right)=8.27$	0.001	0.27	$\mathrm{A}1221<\text{VEH}$, $p=0.001$ $\text{VIN}<\text{VEH}$, $p=0.009$	2
	A1221	$33.3\pm 0.4$	16
	VIN	$33.6\pm 0.3$	15
Preputial separation (days of age)
Maternal males	VEH	$44.2\pm 0.1$	13	$X^2\left(2\right)=2.06$	0.36	0.05		2
	A1221	$44.6\pm 0.6$	13
	VIN	$44.0\pm 0.3$	16					2
Paternal males	VEH	$43.5\pm 0.2$	19	$X^2\left(2\right)=1.04$	0.60	0.02
	A1221	$43.6\pm 0.2$	16					2
	VIN	$43.8\pm 0.3$	22
Adrenosomatic index
Maternal females	VEH	$0.23\pm 0.01$	11	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,36}\right)=2.59$	0.09	0.13	No post hoc differences	2
	A1221	$0.21\pm 0.01$	10
	VIN	$0.21\pm 0.01$	18
Paternal females	VEH	$0.17\pm 0.01$	11	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,27}\right)=2.80$	0.46	0.06
	A1221	$0.19\pm 0.01$	10
	VIN	$0.17\pm 0.01$	9
Maternal males	VEH	$0.12\pm 0.00$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,29}\right)=4.37$	0.02	0.23	$\text{VEH}<\mathrm{A}1221$, $p=0.037$ $\text{VIN}<\mathrm{A}1221$, $p=0.037$	1
	A1221	$0.13\pm 0.01$	9
	VIN	$0.12\pm 0.00$	13					1
Paternal males	VEH	$0.12\pm 0.00$	13	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,37}\right)=8.75$	0.001	0.32	$\text{VIN}<\text{VEH}$, $p<0.001$ $\text{VIN}<\mathrm{A}1221$, $p=0.035$
	A1221	$0.11\pm 0.00$	12
	VIN	$0.10\pm 0.00$	15
Gonadosomatic index
Maternal females	VEH	$0.05\pm 0.00$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,37}\right)=0.11$	0.89	0.01
	A1221	$0.05\pm 0.00$	12
	VIN	$0.05\pm 0.00$	18
Paternal females	VEH	$0.04\pm 0.00$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,26}\right)=0.08$	0.92	0.01
	A1221	$0.04\pm 0.00$	10
	VIN	$0.04\pm 0.00$	9
Maternal males	VEH	$0.93\pm 0.03$	11	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,31}\right)=1.70$	0.20	0.10		1
	A1221	$0.86\pm 0.02$	9
	VIN	$0.89\pm 0.03$	14
Paternal males	VEH	$0.91\pm 0.02$	13	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,36}\right)=4.08$	0.03	0.18	$\text{VIN}<\text{VEH}$, $p=0.021$	2
	A1221	$0.86\pm 0.02$	11					1
	VIN	$0.84\pm 0.02$	15
Corticosterone ($\text{ng}/\mathrm{mL}$)
Maternal females	VEH	$924\pm 45$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,27}\right)=1.24$	0.31	0.08
	A1221	$889\pm 36$	9
	VIN	$810\pm 68$	11
Paternal females	VEH	$820\pm 60$	11	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,26}\right)=0.22$	0.81	0.02
	A1221	$776\pm 43$	9
	VIN	$805\pm 26$	9					1
Maternal males	VEH	$352\pm 83$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,26}\right)=0.92$	0.41	0.07
	A1221	$501\pm 91$	9
	VIN	$398\pm 61$	10
Paternal males	VEH	$446\pm 55$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,25}\right)=0.79$	0.46	0.06
	A1221	$427\pm 67$	10
	VIN	$348\pm 36$	8					2
Estradiol ($\text{pg}/\mathrm{mL}$)
Maternal females	VEH	$31.2\pm 4.5$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,25}\right)=0.06$	0.94	0.00
	A1221	$31.7\pm 2.6$	8					1
	VIN	$30.0\pm 3.1$	10					1
Paternal females	VEH	$4.5\pm 1.1$	11	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,28}\right)=0.54$	0.59	0.04
	A1221	$4.2\pm 0.7$	10
	VIN	$5.5\pm 0.8$	10
Maternal males	VEH	$7.8\pm 0.3$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,25}\right)=1.05$	0.37	0.08
	A1221	$7.9\pm 0.4$	8					1
	VIN	$8.8\pm 0.8$	10
Paternal males	VEH	$11.6\pm 1.2$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,26}\right)=3.64$	0.04	0.22	$\text{VIN}<\text{VEH}$, $p=0.034$
	A1221	$9.5\pm 0.7$	10
	VIN	$8.2\pm 0.5$	9					1
Testosterone ($\text{ng}/\mathrm{mL}$)
Maternal males	VEH	$0.7\pm 0.1$	8	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,24}\right)=0.53$	0.60	0.04		2
	A1221	$1.0\pm 0.2$	9
	VIN	$1.0\pm 0.3$	10
Paternal males	VEH	$1.6\pm 0.2$	10	$\mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{2,26}\right)=5.18$	0.01	0.28	$\mathrm{A}1221<\text{VEH}$, $p=0.050$ $\mathrm{A}1221<\text{VIN}$, $p=0.014$
	A1221	$0.9\pm 0.1$	9					1
	VIN	$1.7\pm 0.3$	10

Note: Data are shown as $\text{mean}\pm \text{\hspace{0.17em} SEM}$. Statistics are presented with F-(ANOVA) or Chi-square values (Kruskal-Wallis). Degrees of freedom (df) are shown parenthetically. An effect size of 0.14 is large, and between 0.06 and 0.13 is medium. Numbers of outliers in a group (up to 2 calculated by the Grubb’s test) are indicated. Adrenosomatic index was calculated as: $\left[\text{Adrenal \hspace{0.17em} weight}/\text{body \hspace{0.17em} weight}\right]\times 100$; gonadosomatic index was calculated as: $\left(\text{Gonad \hspace{0.17em} weight}/\text{body \hspace{0.17em} weight}\right)\times \mathrm{1,000}$. A1221, Aroclor 1221; VEH, vehicle; VIN, vinclozolin.