. 2018 Sep 6;126(9):096001. doi: 10.1289/EHP1953

Table 2.

Environmental chemicals measured in infant formulas from the United States in 2000–2014.

Chemicals	U.S. locations	Formula type and number of samples (n)	Concentrations	Notes	References
PBDEs
BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 77, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, 183, 209	Texas	Constituted formula, $n = 2$	Sum $PBDEs = 32$ and $25 pg / g$ wet weight (ww)	BDEs detected in both samples	Schecter et al. 2006b
BDE-17, 29, 47, 49, 99, 100, 153, 183, 209		Widely used formula products, $n = 12$	Individual BDEs means: $1 - 84 pg / g$ ; sum PBDEs mean: $127 pg / g$	BDEs detected in: 1 of 12 (BDE-17) to 11 of 12 (BDE-209) samples	Liu et al. 2014
Total DP			Mean $21 pg / g$	Detected in 7 of 12 samples
PBBZ			$1 pg / g$	Detected in 1 of 12 samples
HBB			Mean $6 pg / g$	Detected in 2 of 12 samples
DBDPE			Mean $19 pg / g$	Detected in 4 of 12 samples
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFBS, PFHpA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA	Massachusetts and District of Columbia	Ready-to-use liquid formula, $n = 10$ ; powdered formula constituted, $n = 9$ ; concentrated liquid, constituted, $n = 2$	PFOS: $11.3 ng / L$ ; PFHxS: 1.36 and $3.59 ng / L$	PFOS detected in 1 sample and PFHxS detected in 2 samples. PFOA, PFNA, PFBS, PFHpA, PFDA, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA were not found above the LOQs	Tao et al. 2008b
BPA
	District of Columbia, southern California, Arizona	Ready-to-feed, $n = 40$ (23 milk-based, 17 soy-based); liquid concentrate, $n = 38$ (25 milk-based, 13 soy-based)	Range: 0.48 to $11 ng / g$		Ackerman et al. 2010
	New York	Unspecified type of formula, $n = 7$	High end of range: $20.8 ng / g$	Highest BPA concentration found in a soy-based formula	Liao and Kannan 2013
	Texas	Three cans each of ready-to-use liquid formulas, two milk-based and one soy-based, $n = 9$	Mean of positive samples: $1.10 ng / g$ ww	BPA detected in 3 of 9 samples, 1 of 3 formulas; $LOD = 0.2 ng / g$ ww	Schecter et al. 2010b
Parabens
MeP, PrP, BuP, EtP, and BzP	New York	Formula type not specified, $n = 5$	MeP: range: 0.02 to $18.5 ng / g$ ( $median = 0.02 ng / g$ ); PrP: similar results; BuP: $0.2 ng / g$ ; EtP: $0.1 ng / g$	Detected MeP in all 5 samples, PrP in 4 of 5 samples, BuP detected in 1 of 5 samples, EtP detected in 1 of 5 samples, BzP not detected; $LOD = 0.005 ng / g$	Liao et al. 2013
Perchlorate/thiocyanate
		Powdered formula, 3 samples each of 5 brands, $n = 15$	Geometric mean, range, median $μ g / L$ milk-based: 1.72, 0.68–5.05, 1.37; soy-based: 0.21, 0.1–0.44, 0.24; milk-based, lactose-free: 0.27, 0.1–0.44, 0.24; elemental: 0.18, 0.08–0.4, 0.18		Schier et al. 2010
		Liquid formula, milk-based, $n = 14$ ; soy-based, $n = 3$	Range $μ g / L$ milk-based: 0.2–2.5; milk-based thickened with rice: 4.1 ( $n = 1$ ); milk-based lactose-free: 0.4–1.5; soy-based: 0.3–0.6		Pearce et al. 2007
		Powdered formula, milk-based, $n = 7$ ; soy-based, $n = 3$	Range mg/kg: milk-based: 2.0–5.1 (detected and confirmed in 5 of 7 products); soy-based: ND		Niemann and Anderson 2008
Metals
Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel		Variable sample numbers (n): arsenic (milk-based), 52; arsenic (soy), 32; cadmium (milk-based), 42; cadmium (soy), 32; lead (milk-based), 42; lead (soy), 32; mercury (milk-based), 24; mercury (soy), 16; nickel (milk-based), 42; nickel (soy), 32	Mean, mg/kg (LOD): arsenic (milk-based): 0 (0.01); arsenic (soy): 0.0003 (0.008); cadmium (milk-based): 0.0003–0.0004 (0.001); cadmium (soy): 0.001 (0.001); lead (milk-based): 0 (0.005); lead (soy): 0.001 (0.004); mercury (milk-based): 0 (0.01); mercury (soy): 0 (0.01); nickel (milk-based): 0.002–0.004 (0.01); nickel (soy): 0.027 (0.009)		FDA 2014
Arsenic	New Hampshire	Milk-based, $n = 9$ ; nondairy-based, $n = 6$	$2.2 - 12.6 ng / g$ total arsenic	Arsenic detected in all samples. For samples above $6 ng / g$ (9 of 15), speciation showed 100% inorganic arsenic	Jackson et al. 2012
Aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, strontium, thallium, tin, titanium, uranium, vanadium	Alabama	Powdered (2 milk-based, 2 soy-based)	$μ g / mL$ ( $mean \pm SD$ ): aluminum (milk-based): $0.15 \pm 0.12$ ; aluminum (soy-based): $0.46 \pm 0.16$ ; barium (milk-based): $0.02 \pm 0.01$ ; barium (soy-based): $0.05 \pm 0.01$ ; beryllium (milk-based): $0.0001 \pm 0.0002$ ; beryllium (soy-based): $0.0007 \pm 0.00011$ ; nickel (milk-based): $0.00002 \pm 0.00007$ ; nickel (soy-based): $0.002 \pm 0.004$ ; antimony (milk-based): $0.012 \pm 0.019$ ; antimony (soy-based): $0.014 \pm 0.016$ ; tin (milk-based): $0.085 \pm 0.045$ ; tin (soy-based): $0.085 \pm 0.051$ ; strontium (milk-based): $0.24 \pm 0.06$ ; strontium (soy-based): $0.17 \pm 0.10$ ; titanium (milk-based): $0.021 \pm 0.007$ ; titanium (soy-based): $0.034 \pm 0.012$ ; thallium (milk-based): $0.04 \pm 0.02$ ; thallium (soy-based): $0.026 \pm 0.013$ ; vanadium (milk-based): $0.0002 \pm 0.0003$ ; vanadium (soy-based): $0.003 \pm 0.003$ ; silver, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, and uranium were not detected in any sample type		Ikem et al. 2002

Note: BDE, brominated diphenyl ether; BPA, bisphenol A; BuP, butyl paraben; BzP, benzyl paraben; DBDPE, decabromodiphenyl ethane; DP, dechlorane plus; EtP, ethyl paraben; HBB, hexabromobenzene; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; MeP, methyl paraben; ND, not detected; PBBZ, polybromobenzene; PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether; PFBS, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFDA, perfluorodecanoic acid; PFDoDA, perfluorododecanoic acid; PFHpA, perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFUnDA, perfluoroundecanoic acid; PrP, propyl paraben; SD, standard deviation; ww, wet weight.