Table 1.

Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders in Chronic Liver Disease Studies

Etiology of Liver Diseases	Mental Health Diagnoses	Study Patients, No.	Prevalence, %	Instruments for Diagnosis
Hepatitis C	Depression	785	37	HADS score > 8
		6711	22	DSM-IV criteria for MDD
		67112	62.9	MDD via extracting ICD-9 codes
		67112	42.3	BDI-II score of ≥ 17
		5046	29.8	Self-report, confirmed using medication history
		3,8888	29	Self-report
		817	14.8	HADS score > 11
		817	11.1 had a mild/moderate 22.2 had moderate/severe	BDI score
		9013	28	Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
		29314	35	BDI-II score > 19 moderate-to-severe depression
		174,30210	60	On the basis of national VA Hepatitis C Clinical Case Registry reports
		1359	15.5	The Composite International Diagnostic Interview Simplified (CIDI-S), containing a specific section on recurrent brief depression
	Anxiety	785	36	HADS score > 8
		3,8888	18.7	Self-report
		817	23.5	HADS score > 11
		174,30210	37	On the basis of national VA Hepatitis C Clinical Case Registry reports
		9013	24	Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
	Substance abuse	55036	29 marijuana	Self-report
		174,30210	55 alcohol 26 marijuana 35 stimulants 22 opioids 5 sedatives or anxiolytics 39 unknown	VA Hepatitis C Clinical Case Registry reports
		15,07932	48.4 IV drug use 47.8 alcohol (consumed 5 or more drinks in a single day in a year)	Self-report
		29314	21 alcohol	High-risk alcohol use (AUDIT-C ≥ 4)
		63,18928	18.2 alcohol	Reported anywhere on death certificate
		59830	37 alcohol	Problem drinking (score ≥ 8 on AUDIT)
Hepatitis B	Depression	1906	3.7	Self-report, confirmed via medication history
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Depression	665	35	HADS score > 8
		56716	14	HADS score > 8
		1846	27.2	Self-report, confirmed using medication history
		3615	56	Determined using a structured interview and DSM-IV criteria
	Anxiety	665	33	HADS score > 8
		56716	25	HADS score > 8
		3615	50	Determined using a structured interview and DSM-IV criteria
Alcohol	Depression	495	35	HADS score > 8
	Anxiety	495	24	HADS score > 8
CLD, etiology not specified	Depression	43,09319	17.2	12-mo rates of major depression using the AUDADIS-IV
CLD, including alcohol, viral, autoimmune, metabolic, cholestatic, and mixed etiologies		25017	40.7 mild/moderate 10 moderate/severe 6 severe/extremely severe	BDI score
CLD, unknown etiology, referred for transplant		50018	39.4	15-question Geriatric Depression Scale with a threshold of ≥ 6 indicating depression

Abbreviations: AUDADIS, Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CLD, chronic, liver disease; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder.