Table 2.
Ever-use of pesticides and hypothyroidism risk.
Pesticide | Exposed cases | HR (95% CI)a | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Organochlorine insecticide | |||
Aldrin b | 57 | 0.87 (0.65, 1.17) | 0.36 |
b | 158 | 1.28 (1.02, 1.60) | 0.03 |
Chlordane | 280 | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | 0.02 |
DDT b | 63 | 0.84 (0.64, 1.12) | 0.24 |
b | 207 | 1.18 (0.95, 1.47) | 0.13 |
Dieldrin b | 19 | 0.95 (0.59, 1.51) | 0.81 |
b | 69 | 1.22 (0.93, 1.60) | 0.14 |
Heptachlor b | 44 | 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) | 0.19 |
b | 140 | 1.35 (1.07, 1.70) | 0.01 |
Lindane b | 91 | 1.01 (0.80, 1.28) | 0.91 |
b | 118 | 1.54 (1.23, 1.94) | |
Toxaphene b | 44 | 0.78 (0.56, 1.07) | 0.12 |
b | 85 | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 0.31 |
Carbamate insecticide | |||
Aldicarb | 61 | 0.76 (0.58, 1.01) | 0.06 |
Carbaryl | 502 | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 0.12 |
Carbofuran | 258 | 1.12 (0.97, 1.31) | 0.13 |
Organophosphate insecticide | |||
Chlorpyrifos | 351 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) | 0.75 |
Coumaphos b | 49 | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 0.47 |
b | 36 | 1.44 (1.06, 1.95) | 0.02 |
Diazinon | 312 | 1.27 (1.10, 1.48) | |
Dichlorvos | 131 | 1.42 (1.17, 1.72) | |
Fonofos | 205 | 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) | 0.11 |
Malathion | 629 | 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) | 0.02 |
Parathion | 142 | 1.18 (0.97, 1.42) | 0.10 |
Phorate | 289 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.77 |
Terbufos | 336 | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 0.09 |
Pyrethroid insecticide | |||
Permethrin (for animals) | 126 | 1.20 (0.99, 1.46) | 0.07 |
Permethrin (for crops) | 116 | 1.19 (0.98, 1.46) | 0.08 |
Fumigant | |||
Carbon tetrachloride/Carbon disulphide 80/20 mix | 58 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) | 0.98 |
Aluminum Phosphide b | 23 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.46) | 0.83 |
b | 18 | 1.26 (0.79, 2.04) | 0.32 |
Ethylene Dibromide | 23 | 0.79 (0.52, 1.20) | 0.26 |
Methyl Bromide | 113 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.71 |
Fungicide | |||
Benomyl | 76 | 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) | 0.59 |
Captan | 87 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.42 |
Chlorothalonil | 53 | 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) | 0.59 |
Maneb/Mancozeb | 75 | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 0.69 |
Metalaxyl | 158 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.35 |
Herbicide | |||
Alachlor | 448 | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 0.51 |
Butylate | 283 | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) | 0.26 |
Chlorimuron Ethyl | 263 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.35 |
Dicamba | 455 | 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) | |
EPTC | 171 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) | 0.37 |
Glyphosate | 663 | 1.28 (1.07, 1.52) | 0.01 |
Imazethapyr | 343 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.96 |
Metolachlor | 364 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.80 |
Paraquat | 170 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.33 |
Pendimethalin | 312 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.15 |
Petroleum Oil b | 207 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.40 |
b | 184 | 1.21 (0.97, 1.51) | 0.09 |
Trifluralin | 449 | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 0.18 |
2 4-D | 671 | 1.30 (1.07, 1.58) | 0.01 |
2,4,5-T | 219 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 0.52 |
2,4,5-T P | 94 | 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) | 0.34 |
Atrazine b | 316 | 0.89 (0.72, 1.11) | 0.30 |
b | 287 | 1.18 (0.91, 1.51) | 0.21 |
Cyanazine | 362 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) | 0.29 |
Metribuzin | 379 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.80 |
Adjusted for sex, education, state, and smoking.
Hazard ratio allowed to vary by the median age (i.e., 62 years) for pesticides that did not meet proportional hazards assumptions ().
Note: “Never exposed” to a pesticide is a comparison group, and those who developed hyperthyroidism were censored at age of diagnosis. 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T,P, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid; CI, Confidence Intervals; DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; HR, Hazard Ratio.