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. 2018 Sep 26;126(9):097008. doi: 10.1289/EHP3194

Table 2.

Ever-use of pesticides and hypothyroidism risk.

Pesticide Exposed cases HR (95% CI)a P-value
Organochlorine insecticide      
 Aldrin 62yearsb 57 0.87 (0.65, 1.17) 0.36
>62yearsb 158 1.28 (1.02, 1.60) 0.03
 Chlordane 280 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) 0.02
 DDT 62yearsb 63 0.84 (0.64, 1.12) 0.24
>62yearsb 207 1.18 (0.95, 1.47) 0.13
 Dieldrin 62yearsb 19 0.95 (0.59, 1.51) 0.81
>62yearsb 69 1.22 (0.93, 1.60) 0.14
 Heptachlor 62yearsb 44 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) 0.19
>62yearsb 140 1.35 (1.07, 1.70) 0.01
 Lindane 62yearsb 91 1.01 (0.80, 1.28) 0.91
>62yearsb 118 1.54 (1.23, 1.94) <0.01
 Toxaphene 62yearsb 44 0.78 (0.56, 1.07) 0.12
>62yearsb 85 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) 0.31
Carbamate insecticide      
 Aldicarb 61 0.76 (0.58, 1.01) 0.06
 Carbaryl 502 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) 0.12
 Carbofuran 258 1.12 (0.97, 1.31) 0.13
Organophosphate insecticide      
 Chlorpyrifos 351 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) 0.75
 Coumaphos 62yearsb 49 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) 0.47
>62yearsb 36 1.44 (1.06, 1.95) 0.02
 Diazinon 312 1.27 (1.10, 1.48) <0.01
 Dichlorvos 131 1.42 (1.17, 1.72) <0.01
 Fonofos 205 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) 0.11
 Malathion 629 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) 0.02
 Parathion 142 1.18 (0.97, 1.42) 0.10
 Phorate 289 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) 0.77
 Terbufos 336 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) 0.09
Pyrethroid insecticide      
 Permethrin (for animals) 126 1.20 (0.99, 1.46) 0.07
 Permethrin (for crops) 116 1.19 (0.98, 1.46) 0.08
Fumigant      
 Carbon tetrachloride/Carbon disulphide 80/20 mix 58 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) 0.98
 Aluminum Phosphide 62yearsb 23 0.96 (0.63, 1.46) 0.83
>62yearsb 18 1.26 (0.79, 2.04) 0.32
 Ethylene Dibromide 23 0.79 (0.52, 1.20) 0.26
 Methyl Bromide 113 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) 0.71
Fungicide      
 Benomyl 76 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) 0.59
 Captan 87 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) 0.42
 Chlorothalonil 53 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) 0.59
 Maneb/Mancozeb 75 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) 0.69
 Metalaxyl 158 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) 0.35
Herbicide      
 Alachlor 448 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) 0.51
 Butylate 283 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) 0.26
 Chlorimuron Ethyl 263 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) 0.35
 Dicamba 455 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) <0.01
 EPTC 171 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) 0.37
 Glyphosate 663 1.28 (1.07, 1.52) 0.01
 Imazethapyr 343 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) 0.96
 Metolachlor 364 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) 0.80
 Paraquat 170 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) 0.33
 Pendimethalin 312 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) 0.15
 Petroleum Oil 62yearsb 207 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) 0.40
>62yearsb 184 1.21 (0.97, 1.51) 0.09
 Trifluralin 449 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) 0.18
 2 4-D 671 1.30 (1.07, 1.58) 0.01
 2,4,5-T 219 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) 0.52
 2,4,5-T P 94 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) 0.34
 Atrazine 62yearsb 316 0.89 (0.72, 1.11) 0.30
>62yearsb 287 1.18 (0.91, 1.51) 0.21
 Cyanazine 362 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) 0.29
 Metribuzin 379 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) 0.80
a

Adjusted for sex, education, state, and smoking.

b

Hazard ratio allowed to vary by the median age (i.e., 62 years) for pesticides that did not meet proportional hazards assumptions (p0.10).

Note: “Never exposed” to a pesticide is a comparison group, and those who developed hyperthyroidism were censored at age of diagnosis. 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T,P, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid; CI, Confidence Intervals; DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; HR, Hazard Ratio.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure