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. 2018 Sep 26;126(9):097008. doi: 10.1289/EHP3194

Table 3.

Intensity-weighted lifetime days of use of insecticides and fumigants and hypothyroidism risk.

Pesticide Intensity-weighted daysa Cases HR (95% CI)b p-Value p-Trendc
Organochlorine insecticide          
 Aldrind Unexposed 361 Ref   0.06
  >0315 47 1.34 (0.97, 1.84) 0.07  
  >315980 41 1.24 (0.88, 1.73) 0.21  
  >980 44 1.38 (0.99, 1.91) 0.06  
 Chlordaned Unexposed 347 Ref   0.01
  >0238 42 1.30 (0.94, 1.80) 0.11  
  >238720 53 1.53 (1.14, 2.05) 0.01  
  >720 48 1.49 (1.09, 2.04) 0.01  
 DDTd Unexposed 344 Ref   0.47
  >0335 48 1.06 (0.77, 1.45) 0.73  
  >3351599 51 1.10 (0.80, 1.49) 0.56  
  >1599 48 1.13 (0.82, 1.55) 0.45  
 Heptachlord Unexposed 409 Ref   0.74
  >0289 26 0.99 (0.66, 1.48) 0.95  
  >289882 29 1.10 (0.75, 1.62) 0.62  
  >882 26 1.05 (0.70, 1.58) 0.80  
 Toxaphened Unexposed 425 Ref   0.69
  >0315 24 1.08 (0.71, 1.63) 0.73  
  >3151176 27 1.41 (0.95, 2.08) 0.09  
  >1176 15 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) 0.48  
 Lindaned Unexposed 391 Ref   0.01
  >0315 29 1.10 (0.75, 1.61) 0.62  
  >3151176 36 1.45 (1.02, 2.04) 0.04  
  >1176 36 1.52 (1.08, 2.14) 0.02  
Carbamate insecticide          
 Carbaryld Unexposed 246 Ref   0.55
  >0380 89 1.30 (1.02, 1.67) 0.03  
  >3802337 83 1.26 (0.97, 1.63) 0.09  
  >2337 73 1.19 (0.88, 1.62) 0.26  
 Carbofuran Unexposed 510 Ref   0.79
  >0376 101 1.31 (1.06, 1.63) 0.01  
  >3761370 74 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) 0.89  
  >1370 75 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) 0.63  
Organophosphate insecticide          
 Chlorpyrifos Unexposed 431 Ref   0.77
  >0455 124 1.06 (0.86, 1.29) 0.59  
  >4551848 111 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) 0.63  
  >1848 112 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) 0.70  
 Coumaphose62years Unexposed 384 Ref   0.49
  >0750 18 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) 0.86  
  >750 17 0.83 (0.51, 1.34) 0.44  
>62years Unexposed 281 Ref   0.02
  >0750 25 1.41 (0.94, 2.13) 0.10  
  >750 24 1.64 (1.07, 2.48) 0.02  
 Dichlorvos Unexposed 638 Ref   0.20
  >0539 45 1.47 (1.08, 2.00) 0.01  
  >5393915 49 1.60 (1.19, 2.15) 0.00  
  >3915 36 1.25 (0.89, 1.75) 0.20  
 Diazinond Unexposed 352 Ref   0.01
  >0315 46 1.33 (0.98, 1.82) 0.07  
  >3151218 49 1.43 (1.05, 1.93) 0.02  
  >1218 45 1.49 (1.07, 2.06) 0.02  
 Fonofos Unexposed 573 Ref   0.08
  >0448 57 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) 0.89  
  >4481680 77 1.30 (1.02, 1.65) 0.04  
  >1680 69 1.22 (0.95, 1.58) 0.13  
 Malathiond Unexposed 136 Ref   0.68
  >0360 103 1.16 (0.89, 1.50) 0.27  
  >3601395 143 1.48 (1.16, 1.88) 0.00  
  >1395 106 1.16 (0.89, 1.50) 0.27  
 Parathiond Unexposed 442 Ref   0.69
  868 28 1.48 (1.00, 2.18) 0.05  
  >868 18 1.08 (0.67, 1.75) 0.74  
 Phorated Unexposed 323 Ref   0.74
  >0315 66 1.18 (0.90, 1.56) 0.23  
  >3151176 50 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) 0.54  
  >1176 49 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) 0.91  
 Terbufos Unexposed 437 Ref   0.29
  >0645 114 1.19 (0.96, 1.47) 0.11  
  >6452400 109 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) 0.39  
  >2400 106 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) 0.20  
 Permethrin (animals) Unexposed 654 Ref   0.09
  >0368 42 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) 0.28  
  >3681418 41 1.19 (0.86, 1.63) 0.29  
  >1418 43 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) 0.10  
 Permtherin (crops) Unexposed 641 Ref   0.06
  >0490 54 1.10 (0.83, 1.45) 0.52  
  >490 57 1.30 (0.98, 1.71) 0.06  
 Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulphided Unexposed 465 Ref   1.00
  >0168 14 1.01 (0.59, 1.72) 0.98  
  >168 13 1.00 (0.57, 1.74) 0.99  
 Ethylene Dibromided Unexposed 468 Ref   0.37
  >0441 13 1.28 (0.73, 2.26) 0.39  
  >441 12 1.31 (0.72, 2.37) 0.38  
 Methyl Bromide Unexposed 713 Ref   0.44
  >0320 42 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) 0.61  
  >3201372 35 0.92 (0.64, 1.33) 0.66  
  >1372 32 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) 0.50  
a

Split using tertile cut-offs or at the median of intensity-weighted lifetime days among exposed for each pesticide.

b

Adjusted for sex, education, state, and smoking.

c

p-Trend values were obtained using an ordinal variable coded with median values for each category.

d

Belong to the 28 pesticides for which frequency and duration were asked only in the take-home questionnaire.

e

HR allowed to vary by the median age (i.e., 62 years) for pesticides that did not meet proportional hazards assumptions (p0.10).

Note: Those who developed hyperthyroidism were censored at age of diagnosis. CI, Confidence Intervals; DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; HR, Hazard Ratio.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure