Table 3.
Intensity-weighted lifetime days of use of insecticides and fumigants and hypothyroidism risk.
Pesticide | Intensity-weighted daysa | Cases | HR (95% CI)b | p-Value | p-Trendc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organochlorine insecticide | |||||
Aldrind | Unexposed | 361 | Ref | 0.06 | |
47 | 1.34 (0.97, 1.84) | 0.07 | |||
41 | 1.24 (0.88, 1.73) | 0.21 | |||
44 | 1.38 (0.99, 1.91) | 0.06 | |||
Chlordaned | Unexposed | 347 | Ref | 0.01 | |
42 | 1.30 (0.94, 1.80) | 0.11 | |||
53 | 1.53 (1.14, 2.05) | 0.01 | |||
48 | 1.49 (1.09, 2.04) | 0.01 | |||
DDTd | Unexposed | 344 | Ref | 0.47 | |
48 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.45) | 0.73 | |||
51 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.49) | 0.56 | |||
48 | 1.13 (0.82, 1.55) | 0.45 | |||
Heptachlord | Unexposed | 409 | Ref | 0.74 | |
26 | 0.99 (0.66, 1.48) | 0.95 | |||
29 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.62) | 0.62 | |||
26 | 1.05 (0.70, 1.58) | 0.80 | |||
Toxaphened | Unexposed | 425 | Ref | 0.69 | |
24 | 1.08 (0.71, 1.63) | 0.73 | |||
27 | 1.41 (0.95, 2.08) | 0.09 | |||
15 | 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) | 0.48 | |||
Lindaned | Unexposed | 391 | Ref | 0.01 | |
29 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.61) | 0.62 | |||
36 | 1.45 (1.02, 2.04) | 0.04 | |||
36 | 1.52 (1.08, 2.14) | 0.02 | |||
Carbamate insecticide | |||||
Carbaryld | Unexposed | 246 | Ref | 0.55 | |
89 | 1.30 (1.02, 1.67) | 0.03 | |||
83 | 1.26 (0.97, 1.63) | 0.09 | |||
73 | 1.19 (0.88, 1.62) | 0.26 | |||
Carbofuran | Unexposed | 510 | Ref | 0.79 | |
101 | 1.31 (1.06, 1.63) | 0.01 | |||
74 | 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) | 0.89 | |||
75 | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 0.63 | |||
Organophosphate insecticide | |||||
Chlorpyrifos | Unexposed | 431 | Ref | 0.77 | |
124 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.29) | 0.59 | |||
111 | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.63 | |||
112 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.70 | |||
Coumaphose | Unexposed | 384 | Ref | 0.49 | |
18 | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) | 0.86 | |||
17 | 0.83 (0.51, 1.34) | 0.44 | |||
Unexposed | 281 | Ref | 0.02 | ||
25 | 1.41 (0.94, 2.13) | 0.10 | |||
24 | 1.64 (1.07, 2.48) | 0.02 | |||
Dichlorvos | Unexposed | 638 | Ref | 0.20 | |
45 | 1.47 (1.08, 2.00) | 0.01 | |||
49 | 1.60 (1.19, 2.15) | 0.00 | |||
36 | 1.25 (0.89, 1.75) | 0.20 | |||
Diazinond | Unexposed | 352 | Ref | 0.01 | |
46 | 1.33 (0.98, 1.82) | 0.07 | |||
49 | 1.43 (1.05, 1.93) | 0.02 | |||
45 | 1.49 (1.07, 2.06) | 0.02 | |||
Fonofos | Unexposed | 573 | Ref | 0.08 | |
57 | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | 0.89 | |||
77 | 1.30 (1.02, 1.65) | 0.04 | |||
69 | 1.22 (0.95, 1.58) | 0.13 | |||
Malathiond | Unexposed | 136 | Ref | 0.68 | |
103 | 1.16 (0.89, 1.50) | 0.27 | |||
143 | 1.48 (1.16, 1.88) | 0.00 | |||
106 | 1.16 (0.89, 1.50) | 0.27 | |||
Parathiond | Unexposed | 442 | Ref | 0.69 | |
28 | 1.48 (1.00, 2.18) | 0.05 | |||
18 | 1.08 (0.67, 1.75) | 0.74 | |||
Phorated | Unexposed | 323 | Ref | 0.74 | |
66 | 1.18 (0.90, 1.56) | 0.23 | |||
50 | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.54 | |||
49 | 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) | 0.91 | |||
Terbufos | Unexposed | 437 | Ref | 0.29 | |
114 | 1.19 (0.96, 1.47) | 0.11 | |||
109 | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 0.39 | |||
106 | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.20 | |||
Permethrin (animals) | Unexposed | 654 | Ref | 0.09 | |
42 | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 0.28 | |||
41 | 1.19 (0.86, 1.63) | 0.29 | |||
43 | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) | 0.10 | |||
Permtherin (crops) | Unexposed | 641 | Ref | 0.06 | |
54 | 1.10 (0.83, 1.45) | 0.52 | |||
57 | 1.30 (0.98, 1.71) | 0.06 | |||
Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulphided | Unexposed | 465 | Ref | 1.00 | |
14 | 1.01 (0.59, 1.72) | 0.98 | |||
13 | 1.00 (0.57, 1.74) | 0.99 | |||
Ethylene Dibromided | Unexposed | 468 | Ref | 0.37 | |
13 | 1.28 (0.73, 2.26) | 0.39 | |||
12 | 1.31 (0.72, 2.37) | 0.38 | |||
Methyl Bromide | Unexposed | 713 | Ref | 0.44 | |
42 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) | 0.61 | |||
35 | 0.92 (0.64, 1.33) | 0.66 | |||
32 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) | 0.50 |
Split using tertile cut-offs or at the median of intensity-weighted lifetime days among exposed for each pesticide.
Adjusted for sex, education, state, and smoking.
p-Trend values were obtained using an ordinal variable coded with median values for each category.
Belong to the 28 pesticides for which frequency and duration were asked only in the take-home questionnaire.
HR allowed to vary by the median age (i.e., 62 years) for pesticides that did not meet proportional hazards assumptions ().
Note: Those who developed hyperthyroidism were censored at age of diagnosis. CI, Confidence Intervals; DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; HR, Hazard Ratio.