Table 3. Second stage instrumental variable (IV) results from probit models—marginal effects of supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) on routine vaccinations.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Bangladesh	Senegal	Togo	Gambia	Cote d'Ivoire
Dependent variable: Has DPT 3 + Measles + BCG
SIA exposure	-0.055**	-0.013**	-0.039**	-0.002	-0.006
	(0.023)	(0.007)	(0.016)	(0.008)	(0.013)
Observations	12,190	14,817	6,659	3,342	3,106

Robust standard errors in parentheses.

*** p<0.01,

** p<0.05,

*

p<0.1. All models control for rural residence, birth order, mother's educational level (primary, secondary or higher), household electricity, sex (female), birth in rainy season, and fixed effects for survey round and birth year. The sample includes children aged 12–59 months. Standard errors are adjusted for clustering within survey-specific regions.