Table 4. Final multivariate logistic regression models investigating the association between veterinary care and biosecurity practices of urban, peri-urban livestock owners and backyard owners in 4 western states (Washington, California, Colorado and Oregon)a.
| Outcome | Exposure variable | Level | Yes (%) | Odds-Ratio | 95% Confidence interval | p-value (Wald test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knows of a veterinarian in the area that treats livestock (Yes/No) (n = 373) |
Setting |
Rural | 81.2 | Reference | ||
| Peri-urban | 61.0 | 0.51 | 0.27 to 0.96 | 0.038 | ||
| Urban | 56.8 | 0.50 | 0.23 to 1.09 | 0.080 | ||
| Cattle | No | 70.8 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 86.7 | 2.32 | 1.22 to 4.38 | 0.010 | ||
| Small ruminants | No | 63.9 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 85.3 | 2.89 | 1.71 to 4.89 | <0.001 | ||
| Birds | No | 93.0 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 73.3 | 0.28 | 0.08 to 0.96 | 0.043 | ||
| Primary practice type of owner’s veterinarian (Mixed or food animal /Companion) (n = 322) | Setting | Rural | 75.7 | reference | ||
| Peri-urban | 54.8 | 0.49 | 0.24 to 1.02 | 0.056 | ||
| Urban | 48.3 | 0.51 | 0.22 to 1.21 | 0.13 | ||
| Cattle | No | 65.1 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 81.7 | 2.09 | 1.13 to 3.84 | 0.018 | ||
| Small ruminants | No | 57.8 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 79.7 | 2.62 | 1.54 to 4.45 | <0.001 | ||
| Birds | No | 97.6 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 66.5 | 0.06 | 0.01 to 0.43 | 0.006 | ||
| Satisfaction level of animal owners of the veterinary care received (Satisfied/ Not Satisfied) (n = 284) | Location | California | 80.0 | Reference | ||
| Colorado | 67.2 | 0.44 | 0.20 to 0.94 | 0.035 | ||
| Oregon | 68.8 | 0.44 | 0.13 to 1.51 | 0.19 | ||
| Washington | 89.1 | 2.01 | 0.92 to 4.43 | 0.082 | ||
| Use | Personal | 82.8 | Reference | |||
| Both | 81.6 | 0.89 | 0.43 to 1.84 | 0.75 | ||
| Commercial | 72.0 | 0.43 | 0.18 to 1.05 | 0.064 | ||
| Cattle | No | 77.0 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 86.6 | 2.16 | 1.03 to 4.51 | 0.041 | ||
| Horses | No | 77.8 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 86.0 | 2.06 | 1.98 to 4.32 | 0.057 | ||
| Allows contact between wildlife and livestock (Yes/No) (n = 363) | Small ruminants | No | 57.0 | Reference | ||
| Yes | 43.9 | 0.59 | 0.39 to 0.90 | 0.014 | ||
| Isolates sick animals from healthy ones (Yes/No) (n = 365) | Use | Personal | 80.5 | Reference | ||
| Both | 87.4 | 1.91 | 1.01 to 3.63 | 0.046 | ||
| Commercial | 74.2 | 0.73 | 0.35 to 1.50 | 0.39 | ||
| Small ruminants | No | 87.4 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 78.8 | 0.48 | 0.27 to 0.86 | 0.014 | ||
| Uses regular pest control on animal premise (Yes/No) (n = 365) | Use | California | 49.6 | Reference | ||
| Colorado | 65.3 | 2.02 | 1.11 to 3.67 | 0.021 | ||
| Oregon | 47.6 | 0.89 | 0.35 to 2.26 | 0.81 | ||
| Washington | 59.1 | 1.50 | 0.93 to 2.44 | 0.099 | ||
| Swine | No | 52.6 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 66.3 | 1.87 | 1.14 to 3.07 | 0.013 | ||
| Shares tools and equipment with neighbors (Yes/No) (n = 369) | Cattle | No | 19.5 | Reference | ||
| Yes | 36.6 | 2.39 | 1.46 to 3.91 | <0.001 | ||
aIn these questions, “sometimes” was categorized as “Yes” when making the outcome binary.