Table 2.
Adjusted rate ratios for zip code-level POD and HOD.
| POD | HOD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| Urbanicity | ||||
| Metropolitan | 1.00 | (Ref.) | 1.00 | (Ref.) |
| Micropolitan | 0.97 | (0.94, 0.99) | 0.68 | (0.63, 0.75) |
| Small town | 0.91 | (0.89, 0.94) | 0.42 | (0.37, 0.48) |
| Rural | 0.77 | (0.75, 0.80) | 0.34 | (0.29, 0.39) |
| Poverty (per 5%) | 1.07 | (1.06, 1.07) | 1.12 | (1.10, 1.13) |
| Unemployment (per 5%) | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) | 1.03 | (1.02, 1.05) |
| ≤ HS education (per 5 %) | 1.02 | (1.02, 1.03) | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) |
| Income (per $10,000) | 0.88 | (0.87, 0.88) | 0.88 | (0.87, 0.90) |
| White (per 5%) | 1.05 | (1.05, 1.05) | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.02) |
| Male (%) | 0.98 | (0.98, 0.98) | 1.01 | (1.01, 1.02) |
| Age 20–24 (%) | 0.95 | (0.95, 0.96) | 0.97 | (0.95, 0.98) |
| Age 25–44 (%) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.01) |
| Age 45–64 (%) | 1.02 | (1.02, 1.02) | 1.03 | (1.03, 1.04) |
| Age 65+ (%) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.01) |
| Discharges per capita | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.02) | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.02) |
| Year | 1.07 | (1.07, 1.07) | 1.09 | (1.08, 1.10) |
Bold indicates 95% CI does not include the null.
Additional adjustments included state fixed effects, county random effects, and CAR random effects.