Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study population
| Non-diabetic patients |
Diabetic patients |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 56 (58.95%) | 39 (41.05%) | |
| Male, % | 78.6 | 71.8 | 0.4500 |
| Age, y (mean ± SEM) | 66.20 ± 1.52 | 68.03 ± 1.31 | 0.3920 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 (mean ± SEM) | 25.95 ± 0.42 | 27.41 ± 0.37 | 0.032* |
| Risk factors, % | |||
| Hypertension | 69.6 | 84.6 | 0.0940 |
| Dyslipidemia | 67.9 | 74.4 | 0.4940 |
| Blood pressure, mm/Hg (mean ± SEM) | |||
| Systolic | 130.5 ± 2.56 | 132.6 ± 3.36 | 0.4480 |
| Diastolic | 71.63 ± 1.80 | 72.33 ± 2.16 | 0.9320 |
| Medications, % | |||
| Antiplatelet | 75.00 | 76.92 | 0.8296 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 16.07 | 15.38 | 0.9280 |
| Anticoagulant | 19.64 | 20.51 | 0.9169 |
| Antidiabetic | |||
| Insulin | ----- | 20.51 | ----- |
| Metformin | ----- | 20.51 | ---- |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | ----- | 5.13 | ----- |
| DPP4 inhibitor | ----- | 0.00 | ----- |
| DPP4 inhibitor + Biguanide | ----- | 33.33 | ----- |
| Sulfonylurea | ----- | 7.69 | ----- |
| Sulfonylurea + Biguanide | ----- | 33.33 | ----- |
| Antihypertension/anti-angina pectoris | |||
| ACEI | 58.93 | 58.97 | 0.9964 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 5.36 | 12.82 | 0.1900 |
| β blocker | 57.14 | 71.79 | 0.1453 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 26.79 | 15.38 | 0.1877 |
| Organic nitrate | 21.43 | 23.08 | 0.8489 |
| Others | 8.93 | 2.56 | 0.2097 |
| Diuretic | 67.86 | 76.92 | 0.3352 |
| Electrolyte – KCl | 32.14 | 35.90 | 0.7033 |
| Statins | 60.71 | 74.36 | 0.1800 |
| Non-CAD Patients | |||
| N | 22 (39.29%) | 13 (33.33%) | |
| Male, % | 68.2 | 53.8 | 0.3964 |
| Age, y (mean ± SEM) | 67.82 ± 2.21 | 71.08 ± 1.72 | 0.3120 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 (mean ± SEM) | 25.55 ± 0.82 | 28.00 ± 0.55 | 0.045* |
| NHYA Functional Classification of Heart Failure, % | |||
| I; I-II | 14.29; 9.52 | 7.69; 0 | 0.5933; 0.26 |
| II; II-III | 38.10; 19.05 | 61.54; 7.69 | 0.14; 0.39 |
| III; III-IV | 4.76; 14.29 | 23.08; 0 | 0.095; 0.1638 |
| IV | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| CCS Functional Classification of Angina, % | |||
| I; I-II | 19.05; 14.29 | 23.08; 15.38 | 0.72; 0.59 |
| II; II-III | 42.86; 4.76 | 53.85; 0 | 0.33; 0.43 |
| III; III-IV | 9.52; 9.52 | 7.69; 0 | 0.89; 0.26 |
| IV | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Operation type, % | |||
| Valvular replacement | 72.73 | 84.62 | 0.4200 |
| Valvuloplasty | 18.18 | 23.08 | 0.7200 |
| LVEF, % (≥ 50%) | 86.36 | 69.23 | 0.2200 |
| LVSF, % (≥ 27%) | 90.91 | 84.62 | 0.5700 |
| Heart rate, bpm (mean ± SEM) | 84.10 ± 4.41 | 76.62 ± 4.85 | 0.3440 |
| CAD Patients | |||
| N | 34 (60.71%) | 26 (66.66%) | |
| Male, % | 85.3 | 80.8 | 0.6000 |
| Age, y (mean ± SEM) | 65.15 ± 2.06 | 66.50 ± 1.70 | 0.6300 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 (mean ± SEM) | 26.21 ± 0.45 | 27.12 ± 0.47 | 0.2550 |
| NHYA Functional Classification of Heart Failure, % | |||
| I; I-II | 30.30; 12.12 | 15.38; 7.69 | 0.20; 0.6 |
| II; II-III | 33.33; 18.18 | 50; 7.69 | 0.16; 0.26 |
| III; III-IV | 6.06; 0 | 19.23; 0 | 0.22; N/A |
| IV | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| CCS Functional Classification of Angina, % | |||
| I; I-II | 36.36; 6.06 | 7.69; 15.38 | 0.01*; 0.22 |
| II; II-III | 45.45; 3.03 | 53.85; 7.69 | 0.46; 0.40 |
| III; III-IV | 9.09; 0 | 15.38; 0 | 0.43; N/A |
| IV | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Operation type, % | |||
| 1 vessel disease | 17.65 | 23.08 | 0.6000 |
| 2 vessels disease | 23.53 | 15.38 | 0.4300 |
| 3 vessels disease | 47.06 | 50.00 | 0.8200 |
| 4 vessels disease | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Aneurysm | 11.76 | 11.54 | 0.9700 |
| LVEF, % (≥ 50%) | 73.53 | 61.54 | 0.3225 |
| LVSF, % (≥ 27%) | 73.53 | 61.54 | 0.3225 |
| Heart rate, bpm (mean ± SEM) | 79.33 ± 4.53 | 79.62 ± 4.75 | 0.9390 |
| Metabolic biochemical parameters | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.68 ± 2.13 | 131.82 ± 6.90 | 0,000*** |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 4.65 ± 0.42 | 9.96 ± 2.95 | 0.758 |
| Fasting c-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.44 ± 0.10 | 1.57 ± 0.15 | 0.787 |
| HOMA-IR, units | 1.19 ± 0.12 | 3.25 ±1.03 | 0.068 |
| HOMA-β, units | 50.07 ± 4.54 | 63.61 ± 19.95 |
0.017* |
| QUICKI, units | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.068 |
| Kidney biochemical parameters, mg/dL | |||
| Urea | 20.87 ± 0.95 | 23.51 ± 1.81 | 0.485 |
| Creatinine | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 0.749 |
| Liver biochemical parameters, U/L | |||
| GOT | 24.87 ± 1.29 | 23.31 ± 1.14 | 0.461 |
| GPT | 24.70 ± 2.43 | 24.82 ± 1.76 | 0.244 |
| GGT | 32.52 ± 3.66 | 49.82 ± 11.15 | 0.575 |
| ALP | 70.48 ± 2.75 | 73.28 ± 4.04 | 0.637 |
| LDH | 196.40 ± 6.49 | 185.00 ± 6.00 | 0.133 |
| Non-CAD Patients | |||
| INR, units | 1.31 ± 0.08 | 1.27 ± 0.09 | 0.727 |
| CK, U/L | 91.95 ± 11.23 | 130.20 ± 27.35 | 0.272 |
| CAD Patients | |||
| INR, units | 1.12 ± 0.02 | 1.18 ± 0.04 | 0.313 |
| CK, U/L | 98.13 ± 17.18 | 82.68 ± 10.07 | 0.515 |
Quantitative measurements are presented as mean ± SEM, and qualitative parameters are presented as percentage. For normally distributed data, a parametric t-test was performed, whereas for non-normally distributed data the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used. For categorical variables the X2 test was used. A p value inferior to 0.05 was considered statistically different.
P<0.05 and
P≤0.001.
ACEI, Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; CK, creatine kinase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; HOMA-β, HOMA-β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index;INR, international normalized ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; LVSF, left ventricle shortening fraction; N/A, not assigned; NCAD, non-coronary artery disease; NHYA, New York Heart Association; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.