Figure 2.

Kicking activity in different interaction outcome types. (a) Mean (±standard error) cumulative kick count plotted as a function of time from male-female contact. Most kicks take place within the first seconds of interaction, and at a similar rate across outcome types. (b) The distribution times at which the female first kicked the male, relative to contact, for each outcome type. (c) The kick rate (number of kicks divided by the kick period, Table 1) for different outcomes, only including interactions that involved more than one kick (kick period > 0). Boxes represent the median and interquartile range for each measure. In comparison to attempts that resulted in active rejection of the male, kicks began significantly later in copulas (Table 3, Dunn’s post-hoc test with Bonferonni correction; χ² = 2.64, p = 1.26 × 10⁻²) and were delivered at a lower rate (Table 3, Dunn’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction; χ² = −2.72, p = 9.68 × 10⁻³).