Table 8.
Concentrations of CA, TF and FL (µg/g) in authentic and commercial Cecropia leaf samples.
| Compounds | CO-1 | CO-2 | CO-3 | CO-4 | CO-5 | CO-6 | CO-7 | CO-C | CP-1 | CP-2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | |||||||||||
| 1 | Chlorogenic acid | 1933.2 ± 36.9 | 1634.0 ± 40.7 | 243.6 ± 2.8 | 4238.1 ± 33.9 | 1393.3 ± 56.4 | 1091.5 ± 17.9 | 14724.5 ± 102.7 | 5612.6 ± 228.5 | 2217.8 ± 59.6 | 949.0 ± 35.0 |
| Flavonoids C-glycosides and di-C,O-glycosides | |||||||||||
| 2 | Luteolin C-hexoside-O-hexoside (1) | 181.4 ± 4.0 | 277.6 ± 14.5 | 33.3 ± 1.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 40.2 ± 1.5 | <LOQ | 83.2 ± 0.4 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 3 | Isoorientin-2′′-O-xyloside | 455.7 ± 9.8 | 884.0 ± 11.1 | 196.9 ± 3.0 | <LOQ | 284.5 ± 6.3 | 69.7 ± 1.3 | <LOQ | 612.2 ± 9.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 4 | Luteolin C-hexoside-O-hexoside (2) | 65.7 ± 1.8 | 233.8 ± 3.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 366.8 ± 8.1 | <LOQ | 85.8 ± 3.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 5 | Isoorientin-4′′-O-xyloside | 105.1 ± 10.5 | 370.2 ± 11.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 204.2 ± 12.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 6 | Isoorientin | 384.6 ± 8.3 | 1077.7 ± 10.2 | 40.2 ± 3.3 | 6399.4 ± 25.5 | 4187.9 ± 119.8 | 160.9 ± 1.5 | 5177.7 ± 54.5 | 3661.7 ± 74.0 | 1796.2 ± 39.2 | 2127.9 ± 54.4 |
| 7 | Orientin | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1117.6 ± 9.7 | 1167.4 ± 35.5 | <LOQ | 4523.8 ± 44.9 | <LOQ | 1076.9 ± 13.6 | 749.3 ± 18.2 |
| 8 | Isoorientin-2′′-O-rhamnoside | 612.0 ± 17.0 | 241.2 ± 5.7 | 164.0 ± 5.0 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 129.8 ± 1.6 | <LOQ | 823.0 ± 20.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 9 | Luteolin C-hexoside-O-pentoside | 84.8 ± 3.7 | 145.1 ± 4.6 | 23.9 ± 4.0 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 119.7 ± 7.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 10 | Isovitexin-2′′-O-glucoside | 240.4 ± 6.7 | 465.3 ± 8.4 | 269.6 ± 2.4 | <LOQ | 112.1 ± 7.4 | 315.3 ± 8.4 | <LOQ | 118.3 ± 5.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 11 | Isovitexin-2′′-O-xyloside | 761.4 ± 19.7 | 1671.4 ± 26.2 | 1936.3 ± 11.4 | <LOQ | 1044.7 ± 36.3 | 2142.9 ± 71.9 | <LOQ | 787.1 ± 16.8 | 266.5 ± 3.1 | 410.0 ± 19.6 |
| 12 | Vitexin | 170.1 ± 5.9 | <LOD | <LOQ | <LOQ | 98.0 ± 1.3 | <LOQ | 295.2 ± 3.6 | <LOQ | 198.2 ± 2.1 | 457.4 ± 37.2 |
| 13 | Apigenin C-hexoside-O-pentoside | 156.2 ± 4.1 | 511.8 ± 6.5 | 80.6 ± 1.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 233.4 ± 3.0 | <LOQ | 138.8 ± 4.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 14 | Diosmetin C-hexoside-O-pentoside | 58.0 ± 1.0 | 134.1 ± 1.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 15 | Isovitexin 2′′-O-rhamnoside | 364.4 ± 8.5 | 424.8 ± 7.8 | 1057.6 ± 5.2 | <LOQ | 1376.9 ± 36.8 | 1356.7 ± 30.8 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1107.2 ± 4.7 | 2338.1 ± 103.2 |
| 16 | Apigenin C-hexoside-O-xyloside | 177.7 ± 5.1 | 436.9 ± 5.2 | 287.5 ± 2.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 179.1 ± 4.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 17 | Isovitexin | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 502.8 ± 2.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 991.2 ± 12.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 18 | Diosmetin-C-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | 38.1 ± 0.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 19 | Diosmetin-C-hexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 20 | Luteolin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 318.8 ± 1.4 | 251.0 ± 59.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 457.8 ± 11.1 | 444.2 ± 4.5 |
| 21 | Luteolin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1486.3 ± 14.2 | 651.1 ± 17.0 | <LOQ | 1622.9 ± 16.7 | <LOQ | 426.8 ± 3.4 | 631.3 ± 24.1 |
| 22 | Apigenin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 23 | Apigenin-O-deoxyhexoside-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 172.1 ± 12.0 |
| 24 | Apigenin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 124.9 ± 1.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 25 | Apigenin-O-deoxyhexoside-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 657.8 ± 6.7 | 171.3 ± 4.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 141.4 ± 6.2 |
| 26 | Apigenin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 696.2 ± 4.1 | <LOQ | 148.4 ± 12.4 | 614.9 ± 23.4 |
| Flavonoids O-glycosides and di-O-glycosides | |||||||||||
| 27 | Quercetin O-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 939.7 ± 18.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 2988.5 ± 180.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 28 | Rutin | 72.9 ± 3.4 | 112.9 ± 3.4 | <LOQ | 681.1 ± 9.7 | 168.4 ± 3.4 | <LOQ | 704.7 ± 4.2 | 1041.2 ± 25.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 29 | Quercetin O-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 352.1 ± 20.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 519.2 ± 98.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 30 | Quercetin O-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 655.6 ± 3.8 | 524.8 ± 19.9 | 161.3 ± 4.5 |
| 31 | Quercetin O-pentoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 32 | Quercetin O-pentoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 423.5 ± 8.0 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 33 | Quercetin O-hexoside-O-hexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| Total Flavonoids (TF) | 3890.4 ± 96.9 | 6986.8 ± 35.0 | 4128.0 ± 27.8 | 12455.4 ± 2.8 | 9513.3 ± 241.1 | 4994.8 ± 130.3 | 14011.7 ± 130.7 | 12386.9 ± 174.0 | 6002.7 ± 38.1 | 8247.9 ± 297.4 | |
| Flavonolignans | |||||||||||
| 34 | Flavonolignan 1 | 202.6 ± 18.0 | 241.1 ± 22.0 | 144.1 ± 8.1 | <LOQ | 205.6 ± 9.0 | 510.2 ± 2.9 | 138.5 ± 13.2 | 98.0 ± 6.8 | <LOQ | <LOQ |
| 35 | Flavonolignan 2 | 799.1 ± | 982.5 ± 97.8 | 609.3 ± 27.2 | 280.9 ± 6.7 | 864.0 ± 42.8 | 1857.1 ± 61.8 | 653.0 ± 40.6 | 688.8 ± 44.0 | <LOQ | < LOQ |
| 36 | Flavonolignan 3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 57.1 ± 8.0 | 121.3 ± 6.0 | <LOQ | < LOQ |
| Total flavonolignans | 1001.7 ± 65.5 | 753.4 ± 33.0 | 753.4 ± 33.0 | 280.9 ±6.7 | 1069.6 ± 50.6 | 2367.3 ± 63.0 | 848.7 ± 51.7 | 908.1 ± 44.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| Compounds | CP-3 | CP-4 | CP-C | CI-1 | CI-2 | CI-3 | CH-1 | CH-2 | CHO-C | ||
| Phenolic acids | |||||||||||
| 1 | Chlorogenic acid | 836.3 ± 12.6 | 927.5 ± 18.2 | 78.7 ± 4.3 | 1644.1 ± 44.7 | 323.4 ± 12.8 | 1331.8 ± 16.1 | 2881.9 ± 74.0 | 993.4 ± 110.6 | 1492.6 ± 8.3 | |
| Flavonoids C-glycosides and di-C,O-glycosides | |||||||||||
| 2 | Luteolin C-hexoside-O-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 3 | Isoorientin-2′′-O-xyloside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1034.2 ± 5.8 | 838.7 ± 38.5 | 2066.8 ± 28.8 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 53.5 ± 1.6 | |
| 4 | Luteolin C-hexoside-O-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 48.1 ± 7.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 295.0 ± 3.6 | |
| 5 | Isoorientin-4′′-O-xyloside | <LOQ | <LOQ | 22.4 ± 1.2 | 67.2 ± 8.2 | 43.0 ± 4.3 | 112.4 ± 1.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 755.4 ± 21.1 | |
| 6 | Isoorientin | 1066.0 ± 22.3 | 1993.5 ± 20.3 | 187.7 ± 1.2 | 491.7 ± 4.0 | 652.9 ± 39.9 | 2487.9 ± 32.4 | 444.2 ± 8.1 | 882.0 ± 96.5 | 1085.9 ± 15.9 | |
| 7 | Orientin | 926.6 ± 15.2 | 1562.5 ± 19.4 | 24.1 ± 0.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 337.7 ± 5.2 | |
| 8 | Isoorientin-2′′-O-rhamnoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 82.5 ± 1.7 | 84.4 ± 9.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 9 | Luteolin C-hexoside-O-pentoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 93.6 ± 4.5 | 59.1 ± 7.4 | 309.4 ± 9.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 79.1 ± 1.1 | |
| 10 | Isovitexin-2′′-O-glucoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 86.9 ± 2.0 | 47.9 ± 1.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 146.8 ± 6.4 | |
| 11 | Isovitexin-2′′-O-xyloside | <LOQ | 231.2 ± 7.1 | 26.9 ± 0.6 | 3213.6 ± 61.0 | 2416.4 ± 143.3 | 1677.5 ± 23.8 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 390.3 ± 7.7 | |
| 12 | Vitexin | 625.2 ± 2.5 | 457.3 ± 2.7 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 13 | Apigenin C-hexoside-O-pentoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | 42.4 ± 2.6 | 110.5 ± 17.1 | 79.5 ± 13.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 14 | Diosmetin C-hexoside-O-pentoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 73.0 ± 1.1 | 102.1 ± 5.9 | 237.0 ± 4.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 506.7 ± 6.2 | |
| 15 | Isovitexin 2′′-O-rhamnoside | 3379.7 ± 51.4 | 2132.5 ± 25.3 | <LOQ | 587.1 ± 7.2 | 672.4 ± 18.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 16 | Apigenin C-hexoside-O-xyloside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 329.4 ± 8.4 | 219.5 ± 21.0 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 17 | Isovitexin | <LOQ | <LOQ | 121.2 ± 1.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 795.6 ± 12.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 18 | Diosmetin-C-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 19 | Diosmetin-C-hexoside | 338.3 ± 14.2 | <LOQ | 21.2 ± 0.6 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 20 | Luteolin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | 540.9 ± 3.4 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 21 | Luteolin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | 314.0 ± 31.6 | 332.4 ± 3.9 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 144.9 ± 3.6 | 173.6 ± 20.7 | <LOQ | |
| 22 | Apigenin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (1) | 244.2 ± 69.0 | 70.4 ± 0.4 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 23 | Apigenin-O-deoxyhexoside-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 24 | Apigenin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 25 | Apigenin-O-deoxyhexoside-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | 196.3 ± 2.5 | 58.5 ± 1.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 26 | Apigenin-O-malonyl-C-hexoside (2) | 478.5 ± 5.4 | 116.6 ± 1.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| Flavonoids O-glycosides and di-O-glycosides | |||||||||||
| 27 | Quercetin O-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 2884.2 ± 102.9 | 1491.5 ± 171.0 | <LOQ | |
| 28 | Rutin | <LOQ | <LOQ | 53.5 ± 1.2 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 3949.2 ± 116.7 | 2105.6 ± 218.6 | <LOQ | |
| 29 | Quercetin O-hexoside (1) | <LOQ | 294.9 ± 9.0 | <LOQ | 127.4 ± 2.8 | 93.3 ± 2.5 | 800.7 ± 21.2 | 1388.9 ± 37.0 | 1105.2 ± 121.7 | <LOQ | |
| 30 | Quercetin O-hexoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | 23.9 ± 0.8 | 453.0 ± 8.2 | 248.1 ± 5.0 | 825.8 ± 28.4 | 4146.0 ± 144.3 | 3957.0 ± 43.0 | <LOQ | |
| 31 | Quercetin O-pentoside (1) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 226.9 ± 7.5 | 165.5 ± 18.4 | <LOQ | |
| 32 | Quercetin O-pentoside (2) | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 215.7 ± 8.1 | 1474.8 ± 47.9 | 1040.1 ± 115.2 | <LOQ | |
| 33 | Quercetin O-hexoside-O-hexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 240.1 ± 17.1 | 179.1 ± 25.3 | <LOQ | |
| Total Flavonoids (TF) | 7568.8 ± 69.8 | 7790.8 ± 44.9 | 523.3 ± 5.9 | 6750.1 ± 99.9 | 5605.4 ± 275.6 | 9528.8 ± 114.2 | 14899.2 ± 470.9 | 11099.6 ± 702.3 | 3650.5 ± 50.5 | ||
| Flavonolignans | |||||||||||
| 34 | Flavonolignan 1 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 35 | Flavonolignan 2 | 260.3 ± 17.1 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| 36 | Flavonolignan 3 | <LOQ | 213.9 ± 8.0 | <LOQ | 179.1 ± 4.5 | 227.8 ± 20.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | |
| Total | 260.3 ± 17.1 | 213.9 ± 8.0 | <LOQ | 179.1 ± 4.5 | 227.8 ± 20.3 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | ||
CO, CP, CI and CH correspond to authentic leaves of C. obstusifolia, C. peltata, C. insignis and C. hispidissima samples (see supplementary Fig. S1). CO-C, CP-C and CHO-C correspond to commercial products of C. obstusifolia, C. peltata and C hololeuca. Contents of analytes are reported as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Content below the limit of quantification: <LOQ.