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. 2019 Feb 14;10:740. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08435-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Measured average electron distribution and field-particle energy transfer rates. a Average electron distribution f_0e. b Alternative energy transfer rate $C_{E_{∣ ∣}, e}^{'} (v)$ using f_e and unfiltered E_||. c Alternative energy transfer rate using δf_e and high-pass-filtered (at 1 Hz) E_||