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. 2019 Feb 14;9:2133. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38603-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tissue viability, cellular outgrowth, proliferation and metabolic activity at different oxygen levels. (A) Comparison of tumor histomorphology under normoxic (21% O₂) and hyperoxic (41% O₂) conditions at different time points (H&E staining). (B) Tissue viability in paired slices obtained from the same donor samples (n = 3) when cultured under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. The dotted black line shows the conditional mean smooth curve to demonstrate the pattern of observation under the test conditions. Legend keys are the same for (C,D). (C) Cancerous, non-neoplastic and global cell outgrowths in donor-paired tissue slices (n = 3). (D) Proliferation index of cancerous cells within and on the surface of slices at different time points when donor-matched tissue slices were cultured under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. (E) Metabolic activity of cancerous cells when cultured under different ambient oxygen levels. (Repeated measure two-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison; p > 0.05, n = 3).