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. 2019 Feb 14;9:2133. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38603-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunohistochemical profiles of stromal cells. Both cancer-associated and residual pancreatic stroma retained the expression of their characteristic immunohistochemical markers over the course of the culture period. Cancer-associated stroma: Cancer-associated fibroblasts are stained with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and D2-40 (black arrows). Sparse smooth muscle cells are positive for caldesmon (blue arrows). Clusters of PDAC cells are positive for CK18, maspin, P53, and CA19-9 (yellow arrows). Note that there is also CA19-9 immunoreactivity in the stroma surrounding PDAC cells. CD3-positive T-cells and CD68-positive macrophages are also present in the stroma (black arrows). Residual pancreatic stroma: Myofibroblasts in residual, partially atrophic pancreatic lobuli are positive for α-SMA (black arrows). Acinar, ductal (yellow arrows), and endocrine (blue arrow) epithelial cells are stained with CK18. Lobular stroma is negative or minimally positive for D2-40 (black arrows). In contrast to PDAC cells, non-neoplastic ducts are negative for both maspin and P53 (yellow arrows). Sparse CD3-positive T-cells and variable numbers of CD68-positive macrophages are also present (black arrows). Small, non-neoplastic ductal structures are positive for CA19-9 (yellow arrows).