Table 4.
Meta-analyses for hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in Central Asia (CA) by risk population.
| Studies | Samples | Prevalence | Pooled HCV prevalence | Heterogeneity measures | Pooled chronic infection prevalence | Population size46 | Estimated number of HCV antibody positive persons | Estimated number of HCV chronically-infected persons | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n | Total N | Range (%)¥ | Mean (95% CI) | Q (p-value)ª | I² (confidence limits)b | Prediction interval (%)c | Mean (95% CI) | ||||
| Kazakhstan | |||||||||||
| General population | 14 | 665,859 | 0.0–5.1 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 75.8 (p < 0.01) | 82.9% (72.25–89.3%) | 0.5–1.0 | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | 18,403,860 | 128,827 (128,827–147,231) | 87,087 (87,087–99,528) |
| Populations at intermediate risk | 36 | 13,175 | 2.0–50.0 | 24.4 (19.3–29.9) | 1767.3 (p = 0) | 98.0% (97.7–98.3%) | 1.7–61.5 | ||||
| Non-specific clinical populations | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Populations with liver-related conditions | 3 | 1,756 | 23.8–40.4 | 30.1 (18.6–43.0) | 34.2 (p < 0.01) | 94.1% (86.3–97.5%) | 0.0–100 | ||||
| People who inject drugs | 20 | 20,549 | 43.3–90.6 | 66.7 (61.8–71.5) | 894.1 (p < 0.01) | 97.9% (97.4–98.3%) | 42.6–87.0 | ||||
| Kyrgyzstan | |||||||||||
| General population | 22 | 200,560 | 0.7–5.0 | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 195.8 p < 0.01) | 89.3% (85.1–92.3%) | 1.1–3.2 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 6,132,932 | 122,659 (104,260–147,190) | 82,917 (70,480–99,501) |
| Populations at intermediate risk | 42 | 206,130 | 0.0–42.4 | 8.6 (7.3–10.0) | 3560.1 (p = 0) | 98.8% (98.7–99.0%) | 2.1–18.6 | ||||
| Non-specific clinical populations | 16 | 15,815 | 4.0–33.3 | 9.3 (7.5–11.4) | 188.5 (p < 0.01) | 92.0% (88.7–94.4%) | 2.9–18.8 | ||||
| Populations with liver-related conditions | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| People who inject drugs | 22 | 7,715 | 17.0–60.4 | 43.4 (37.9–49.0) | 512.4 (p < 0.01) | 95.9% (94.8–96.8%) | 18.2–70.6 | ||||
| Tajikistan | |||||||||||
| General population | 6 | 115,465 | 0.5–7.4 | 2.6 (1.7–3.6) | 219.6 (p < 0.01) | 98.1% (97.1–98.8%) | 0.4–6.4 | 1.8 (1.2–2.4) | 9,107,211 | 236,787 (154,823–327,860) | 160,068 (104,660–221,633) |
| Populations at intermediate risk | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Non-specific clinical populations | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Populations with liver-related conditions | 3 | 1,498 | 36.0–47.5 | 40.6 (32.7–48.8) | 4.9 (p = 0.09) | 59.0% (0.0–88.3%) | 0.0–100 | ||||
| People who inject drugs | 11 | 2,953 | 24.9–67.1 | 42.4 (33.6–51.4) | 247.1 (p < 0.01) | 96.0% (94.2–97.2%) | 12.0–76.4 | ||||
| Uzbekistan | |||||||||||
| General population | 6 | 2,411 | 4.5–29.0 | 9.6 (5.8–14.2) | 50.8 (p < 0.01) | 90.1% (82.1–94.5%) | 0.3–28.1 | 6.5 (3.9–9.6) | 32,364,996 | 3,107,040 (1,877,170–4,595,829) | 2,100,359 (1,268,967–3,106,781) |
| Populations at intermediate risk | 5 | 2,222 | 9.2–18.8 | 13.8 (11.1–16.9) | 12.3 (p = 0.03) | 59.3% (0.0–83.4%) | 6.7–23.2 | ||||
| Non-specific clinical populations | 4 | 734 | 16.5–53.8 | 26.1 (15.8–37.9) | 35.2 (p < 0.01) | 82.8% (56.0–93.3%) | 0.0–82.3 | ||||
| Populations with liver-related conditions | 4 | 382 | 16.6–41.9 | 29.8 (18.6–42.4) | 17.4 (p < 0.01) | 91.5% (81.3–96.1%) | 0.0–84.9 | ||||
| People who inject drugs | 7 | 1,369 | 20.9–63.8 | 43.9 (31.8–56.4) | 119.6 (p < 0.01) | 95.0% (91.9–96.9%) | 7.3–85.0 | ||||
| All countries | |||||||||||
| General population | 49 | 984,397 | 0.0–29.0 | 2.2 (1.9–2.6) | 3,707.0 (p = 0) | 98.7% (98.6–98.8%) | 0.5–4.6 | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 66,008,999 | 3,595,313 (2,265,079–5,218,110) | 2,430,431 (1,531,194–3,527,443) |
| Populations at intermediate risk | 87 | 229,619 | 0.0–50.0 | 14.6 (12.8–16.5) | 11,442.8 (p = 0) | 99.2% (99.2–99.3%) | 2.2–35.1 | ||||
| Non-specific clinical populations | 22 | 16,487 | 4.0–53.9 | 13.5 (10.9–16.4) | 400.0 (p < 0.01) | 94.8% (93.2–96.0%) | 3.4–28.8 | ||||
| Populations with liver-related conditions | 10 | 3,988 | 16.7–47.5 | 31.6 (25.8–37.7) | 114.8 (p < 0.01) | 92.2% (87.7–95.0%) | 12.7–54.3 | ||||
| People who inject drugs | 60 | 32,586 | 17.0–90.6 | 51.3 (46.9–55.6) | 3561.5 (p = 0) | 98.3% (98.2–98.5%) | 19.1–82.8 | ||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval
ªQ: Cochran Q statistic assesses if heterogeneity is present in HCV prevalence estimates.
bI²: Assesses the percentage of between-study variation that is due to true differences in HCV prevalence estimates across studies rather than chance.
cPrediction interval: Estimates the 95% interval in which the true HCV prevalence in a new HCV study will lie.
¥This range is for all studies included in the meta-analyses database and covers the range of HCV prevalence across not only main HCV prevalence measures, but also across all strata.