Table 2.
Left and right ventricular function responses to high altitude, plasma volume expansion and sildenafil administration
| Sea level (244 m) | High altitude (3800 m) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | HA | HA‐PVX | P (ANOVA) | HA‐SIL | HA‐PVX‐SIL | P (ANOVA) | |
| Transmitral E (m s−1) | 0.92 ± 0.12 | 0.81 ± 0.17** (0.755) | 0.87 ± 0.15 (0.347) | 0.003 | 0.81 ± 0.15* (0.826) | 0.80 ± 0.15* (0.844) | 0.006 |
| Transmitral A (ms−1) | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.08 (0.600) | 0.40 ± 0.08 (0.174) | 0.128 | 0.40 ± 0.06 (0.239) | 0.42 ± 0.10 (0.445) | 0.369 |
| Transmitral E/A ratio | 2.41 ± 0.37 | 1.93 ± 0.33** (1.392) | 2.24 ± 0.41 (0.422) | <0.01 | 2.07 ± 0.47* (0.810) | 2.01 ± 0.58* (0.843) | 0.013 |
| LV twist (°) | 15.9 ± 4.0 | 19.4 ± 6.1* (0.697) | 19.5 ± 6.2* (0.697) | <0.05 | 19.2 ± 9.6 (0.484) | 18.2 ± 7.1 (0.411) | 0.231 |
| Systolic twist velocity (° s−1) | 107 ± 18 | 140 ± 28** (1.405) | 132 ± 24* (1.190) | 0.002 | 125 ± 41 (0.620) | 135 ± 31 (1.142) | 0.065 |
| Untwisting velocity (° s−1) | 107 ± 26 | 127 ± 39 (0.594) | 120 ± 20 (0.555) | 0.143 | 125 ± 48 (0.475) | 116 ± 34 (0.285) | 0.278 |
| Basal rotation (°) | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 6.4 ± 3.5 (0.353) | 5.4 ± 2.1 (0.003) | 0.357 | 6.7 ± 3.6 (0.451) | 5.7 ± 2.7 (0.122) | 0.179 |
| Apical rotation (°) | 11.5 ± 4.3 | 14.7 ± 4.8* (0.724) | 14.9 ± 5.5 (0.709) | 0.038 | 13.7 ± 7.1 (0.395) | 13.5 ± 5.9 (0.407) | 0.317 |
| Basal circumferential strain (%) | 19.5 ± 1.7 | 21.1± 3.5 (0.623) | 19.3 ± 3.4 (0.051) | 0.198 | 20.0 ± 3.25 (0.214) | 20.6 ± 3.0 (0.459) | 0.445 |
| Basal circumferential strain rate (%−1) | 1.12 ± 0.13 | 1.32 ± 0.26 (1.010) | 1.32 ± 0.26 (0.657) | 0.062 | 1.23 ± 0.22 (0.608) | 1.24 ± 0.29 (0.537) | 0.180 |
| Apical circumferential strain (%) | 26.6 ± 5.1 | 27.6 ± 5.2 (0.191) | 26.7 ± 5.2 (0.018) | 0.518 | 27.8 ± 0.64 (0.236) | 27.8 ± 5.3 (0.233) | 0.314 |
| Apical circumferential strain rate (%−1) | 1.62 ± 0.42 | 1.99 ± 0.46*** (0.844) | 1.86 ± 0.44** (0.562) | <0.001 | 2.14 ± 0.64** (0.994) | 1.95 ± 0.59** (0.655) | 0.002 |
| LV longitudinal strain (%) | 19.4 ± 1.2 | 19.7 ± 2.8 (0.144) | 20.0 ± 1.8 (0.426) | 0.672 | 19.5 ± 1.9 (0.033) | 19.0 ± 1.9 (0.261) | 0.215 |
| LV longitudinal strain rate (%−1) | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 1.17 ± 0.16 (1.328) | 1.06 ± 0.09 (0.719) | 0.027 | 1.11 ± 0.22 (0.738) | 1.07 ± 0.14 (0.612) | 0.196 |
| End diastolic area (cm2) | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 21.0 ± 2.5 (0.881) | 23.5 ± 2.9 (0.078) | 0.045 | 21.5 ± 3.0 (0.666) | 21.6 ± 3.3 (0.612) | 0.060 |
| End systolic area (cm2) | 13.3 ± 2.1 | 11.4 ± 2.8 (0.784) | 12.2 ± 2.3 (0.493) | 0.038 | 12.7 ± 2.6 (0.288) | 12.0 ± 2.6 (0.572) | 0.150 |
| Fractional area change (%) | 43.6 ± 5.5 | 45.7 ± 11.7 (0.245) | 47.9 ± 7.3 (0.668) | 0.478 | 41.0 ± 8.7 (0.358) | 44.7 ± 4.8 (0.214) | 0.299 |
| Transtricuspid E (m s−1) | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.53 ± 0.06 (0.881) | 0.57 ± 0.06 (0.367) | 0.271 | 0.52 ± 0.03 (1.219) | 0.52 ± 0.18 (0.553) | 0.469 |
| Transtricuspid A (m s−1) | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.03(0.302) | 0.30 ± 0.07 (0.703) | 0.490 | 0.33 ± 0.04 (0.341) | 0.36 ± 0.18 (0.035) | 0.696 |
| Transtricuspid E/A ratio | 1.78 ± 0.47 | 1.61 ± 0.23 (0.477) | 2.03 ± 0.54 (0.492) | 0.542 | 1.61 ± 0.20 (0.510) | 1.67 ± 0.63 (0.208) | 0.719 |
| RV longitudinal strain (%) | 23.2 ± 1.8 | 23.9 ± 2.9 (0.318) | 23.0 ± 3.2 (0.050) | 0.510 | 23.3 ± 2.5 (0.069) | 24.3 ± 2.2 (0.559) | 0.303 |
| RV longitudinal strain rate (%−1) | 1.16 ± 0.22 | 1.31 ± 0.21 (0.716) | 1.19 ± 0.12 (0.177) | 0.161 | 1.21 ± 0.2 (0.248) | 1.25 ± 0.19 (0.468) | 0.363 |
E, early filling; A, late filling; LV, left ventricular. Data are reported as mean ± SD (Cohen's d).
* P < 0.05
** P < 0.01 and
*** P < 0.001 compared to sea level.