Table 1.
Baseline (1987–1989) Participant Characteristics (n = 5,760) Stratified According to Frailty Status at Visit 5 (2011–2013)
| Characteristics | Robust | Prefrail | Frail |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2,620 | 2,749 | 391 |
| Demographic Variables | |||
| Agea,b | 50.6 (4.4) | 52.6 (5.1) | 54.3 (5.4) |
| Female (%)a,b | 54.8 | 60.5 | 66.8 |
| African American (%)a,b | 19.7 | 23.4 | 26.3 |
| Median household incomeb,c | 50k–75k | 35k–50k | 25k–35k |
| Education (%) a,b | |||
| Less than high school | 9.5 | 14.9 | 25.4 |
| High school/GED/vocational | 39.4 | 44.1 | 45.8 |
| College/graduate/professional | 51.1 | 41.0 | 28.8 |
| Physiological and Lab Variables | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2a,b | 26.1 (4.1) | 27.5 (4.8) | 30.2 (6.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hga,b | 114.5 (15.1) | 116.9 (15.9) | 121.1 (16.3) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hga | 72.4 (10.0) | 72.9 (10.4) | 73.9 (11.0) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dla,b | 207.5 (39.3) | 212.4 (40.0) | 212.2 (39.0) |
| HDL, mg/dlb | 53.8 (17.0) | 52.9 (17.0) | 51.6 (16.7) |
| LDL, mg/dla | 131.2 (37.6) | 135.2 (38.0) | 134.6 (34.7) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dla,b | 114.8 (74.3) | 123.5 (77.4) | 134.1 (108.1) |
| Chronic Medical Conditions (%) | |||
| Hypertensiona,b | 19.2 | 25.3 | 36.9 |
| Diabetes mellitusa,b | 2.4 | 4.6 | 9.0 |
| Coronary heart diseasea,b | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8.7 |
| Heart Failurea,b | 1.3 | 2.9 | 4.2 |
| Cancer | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseasea,b | 13.4 | 16.0 | 17.8 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Arthritisa,b,c | 29.4 | 40.7 | 57.7 |
| Medication (%) | |||
| Anti-inflammatory (regular use)d | 14.7 | 16.6 | 14.8 |
| Cholesterol lowering (last 2 wk) | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
| Cognitive Status (%) a,b,d | |||
| Cognitively normal | 82.6 | 71.7 | 58.3 |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 16.2 | 23.4 | 31.2 |
| Dementia | 1.1 | 4.8 | 10.0 |
Note: Values are displayed as means (SD) for continuous variables, and column percentages for categorical variables. GED = General education diploma.
a p < .05 for significant difference between the prefrail and robust (referent group).
b p < .05 for significant difference between the frail group and robust (referent group).
cAssessed at Visit 4 (1996–1998).
dAssessed at Visit 5 (2011–2013).