. 2018 Jul 18;68(5):757–772. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy562

Table 1.

Studies Reporting Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Seroprevalence Among Different Populations in Asia

Authors (Year)	Year(s) of Data Collection	Country	Study Site	Study Design	Sampling Method	Population	HSV-1 Serological Assay	Sample Size, No.	HSV-1 Seroprevalence, %
Healthy Children Populations (n = 19)
Bogaerts et al (2001) [49]	1996–1998	Bangladesh	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	1–12-y-old children	WB	79	46.0
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1986	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	7–12-mo-old infants	CFT	31	41.9
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1987	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	13–24-mo-old children	CFT	31	51.6
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1988	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	24–35-mo-old children	CFT	30	43.3
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1989	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	3–4-y-old children	CFT	31	67.7
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1990	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	5–6-y-old children	CFT	31	48.4
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1991	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	7–8-y-old children	CFT	31	71.0
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1992	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	9–14-y-old children	CFT	31	74.2
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	1-y-old children	ELISA	90	11.1
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	2-y-old children	ELISA	127	14.2
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	3-y-old children	ELISA	92	31.5
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	4-y-old children	ELISA	84	23.8
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	5–9-y-old children	ELISA	111	46.8
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	10–14-y-old children	ELISA	92	46.7
Li et al (1990) [52]	1988–1989	China	Community	CS	Conv	1–10-y-old Koreans	PHA	16	38.0
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	5–9-y-old girls	ELISA	40	64.9
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	10–14-y-old girls	ELISA	45	78.3
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	5–9-y-old boys	ELISA	75	59.8
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	10–14-y-old boys	ELISA	64	78.0
Healthy Adult Populations (n = 103)
Armelia et al (2012) [54]	2010–2011	Indonesia	Hospital	CS^a	Conv	Kidney donors	Anti-HSV-1 IgG	23	72.7
Ashley et al (2004) [55]	2000–2001	Thailand	Community	CS	Conv	≥15-y-old women in Lampang	WB	98	92.9
Ashley et al (2004) [55]	2000–2001	Thailand	Community	CS	Conv	≥15-y-old women in Songkla	WB	90	61.1
Ashley et al (2004) [55]	2000–2001	Vietnam	Community	CS	Conv	≥15-y-old women in Hanoi	WB	99	100.0
Ashley et al (2004) [55]	2000–2001	Vietnam	Community	CS	Conv	≥15-y-old women in Ho Chi Minh	WB	100	98.0
Bogaerts et al (2001) [49]	1996–1998	Bangladesh	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	Healthy women	ELISA	183	97.0
Bu et al (2015) [45]	2012–2013	China	Hospital	CC	Conv	Healthy individuals	ELISA	135	78.5
Chang (1986) [50]	1984–1986	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	>14-y-old adults	CFT	30	93.3
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Community	CS	Conv	15–20-y-old adults	ELISA	239^b	85.7
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	15–19-y-old adults	ELISA	115	53.0
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old adults	ELISA	123	69.9
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old adults	ELISA	129	84.5
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old adults	ELISA	100	94.0
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	50–59-y-old adults	ELISA	91	98.9
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	60–69-y-old adult	ELISA	122	100
Chen et al (2013) [51]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	Conv	>70-y-old adults	ELISA	96	100
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Community	CS	Conv	20–30-y-old adults	ELISA	239^b	79.9
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Community	CS	Conv	30–35-y-old adults	ELISA	239^b	80.0
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Community	CS	Conv	25–40-y-old adults	ELISA	239^b	84.8
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Community	CS	Conv	40–45-y-old adults	ELISA	239^b	86.2
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Community	CS	Conv	>45-y-old adults	ELISA	239^b	92.5
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	18–29-y-old women	ELISA	83	45.8
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	30–39-y-old women	ELISA	184	50.5
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	40–49-y-old women	ELISA	198	66.7
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	50–59-y-old women	ELISA	200	79.0
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	18–29-y-old men	ELISA	45	44.4
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	30–39-y-old men	ELISA	129	44.2
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	40–49-y-old men	ELISA	198	49.0
Doi et al (2009) [57]	2002	Japan	Community	CS^a	RS	50–59-y-old men	ELISA	198	71.7
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	<30-y-old men blood donors	EIA	12	33.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–50-y-old men blood donors	EIA	17	70.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	>50-y-old men blood donors	EIA	12	92.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–39-y-old healthy women	EIA	20	65.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–99-y-old healthy women	EIA	28	89.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	>50-y-old healthy women	EIA	27	92.5
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	Pregnant women from Tokyo	EIA	58	47.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	Pregnant women from Kagoshima	EIA	100	61.0
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old men in 1973	ELISA	31	64.5
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old men in 1973	ELISA	25	76.0
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old men in 1973	ELISA	15	86.7
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old men in 1983	ELISA	24	37.5
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old men in 1983	ELISA	30	76.7
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old men in 1983	ELISA	33	90.9
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old men in 1993	ELISA	30	33.3
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old men in 1993	ELISA	30	56.7
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old men in 1993	ELISA	45	75.6
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old women in 1973	ELISA	32	59.4
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old women in 1973	ELISA	33	84.8
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old women in 1973	ELISA	23	100.0
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old women in 1983	ELISA	35	51.4
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old women in 1983	ELISA	36	77.8
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old women in 1983	ELISA	34	97.1
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old women in 1993	ELISA	63	31.7
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old women in 1993	ELISA	54	69.1
Hashido et al (1999) [59]	1973–1993	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old women in 1993	ELISA	41	80.5
Kaur et al (1999) [60]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	16–20-y-old pregnant women	EIA	24	50.0
Kaur et al (1999) [60]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	21–25-y-old pregnant women	EIA	36	44.4
Kaur et al (1999) [60]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	26–30-y-old pregnant women	EIA	34	55.8
Kaur et al (1999) [60]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	31–35-y-old pregnant women	EIA	14	14.1
Kaur et al (1999) [60]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	>36-y-old pregnant women	EIA	12	83.3
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	16–20-y-old women	ELISA	12	50.0
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	21–25-y-old women	ELISA	17	47.1
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	26–30-y-old women	ELISA	18	50.0
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	31–40-y-old women	ELISA	13	46.1
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	16–20-y-old men	ELISA	13	46.1
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	21–25-y-old men	ELISA	20	25.0
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	26–30-y-old men	ELISA	14	71.4
Kaur et al (2005) [61]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	31–40-y-old men	ELISA	13	46.1
Li et al (1990) [52]	1988–1989	China	Community	CS	Conv	>21-y-old Hans Chinese	PHA	78	99.0
Li et al (1990) [52]	1988–1989	China	Community	CS	Conv	>21-y-old Koreans	PHA	34	97.0
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	15–19-y-old women	ELISA	78	87.5
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	20–24-y-old women	ELISA	101	86.1
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	25–29-y-old women	ELISA	135	93.3
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	30–34-y-old women	ELISA	152	96.7
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	35–39-y-old women	ELISA	154	95.5
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	40–44-y-old women	ELISA	129	98.4
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	45–49-y-old women	ELISA	97	98.0
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	50–54-y-old women	ELISA	101	98.1
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	55–60-y-old women	ELISA	44	97.8
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	15–19-y-old men	ELISA	89	76.5
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	20–24-y-old men	ELISA	93	81.9
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	25–29-y-old men	ELISA	112	86.5
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	30–34-y-old men	ELISA	137	90.4
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	35–39-y-old men	ELISA	144	93.7
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	40–44-y-old men	ELISA	118	97.4
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	45–49-y-old men	ELISA	89	96.7
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	50–54-y-old men	ELISA	82	98.7
Lin et al (2011) [53]	2006	China	Community	CS	RS	55–60-y-old men	ELISA	62	98.4
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	<24-y-old Indian men	ELISA	40	40.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	25–29-y-old Indian men	ELISA	49	34.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	30–34-y-old Indian men	ELISA	50	60.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	35–39-y-old Indian men	ELISA	50	36.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	40–44-y-old Indian men	ELISA	50	48.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	45–49-y-old Indian men	ELISA	50	58.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	India	Community	CS	Conv	>50-y-old Indian men	ELISA	35	62.0
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	Philippines	Community	CS	Conv	<34-y-old Filipino men	ELISA	52	84.6
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	Philippines	Community	CS	Conv	35–44-y-old Filipino men	ELISA	40	82.5
Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Harfouche M, and Abu-Raddad LJ (2018, unpublished data)	2013–2016	Philippines	Community	CS	Conv	>45-y-old Filipino men	ELISA	28	85.7
Patnaik et al (2007) [62]	1985–2007	Thailand	Hospital	CC	Conv	Healthy women	WB	78	51.3
Schmid et al (1999) [63]	1991–1993	Thailand	Hospital	CS	Conv	>21-y-old army men	WB	1158	77.9
Shivaswamy et al (2005) [64]	2001–2003	India	Outpatient clinic	CC	Conv	Healthy individuals	ELISA	135	91.8
Yue (1990) [65]	1987–1989	China	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	Pregnant women	ELISA	295	82.0
Zegans et al (1999) [66]	1997	India	Hospital	CC	Conv	Controls for a study of Mooren ulcer	ELISA	44	64.0
Healthy Mixed-Age Populations (n = 4)
Li et al (1990) [52]	1988–1989	China	Community	CS	Conv	11–20-y-old Hans Chinese	PHA	17	94.1
Li et al (1990) [52]	1988–1989	China	Community	CS	Conv	11–20-y-old Koreans	PHA	13	85.0
Shen et al (2015) [67]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	RS	Healthy women	ELISA	830	64.5
Shen et al (2015) [67]	2007	Taiwan	Community	CS	RS	Healthy men	ELISA	581	52.0
Clinical Children Populations (n = 7)
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Hospital	CS	Conv	1–5-y-old children	ELISA	90^b	40.2
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Hospital	CS	Conv	5–10-y-old children	ELISA	90^b	68.4
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	India	Hospital	CS	Conv	10–15-y-old children	ELISA	90^b	75.9
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Hospital	CS	Conv	1–5-y-old children	ELISA	144^b	40.5
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Hospital	CS	Conv	5–10-y-old children	ELISA	144^b	53.1
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Hospital	CS	Conv	10–15-y-old children	ELISA	144^b	74.0
Shymala et al (2008) [68]	2005–2006	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	Infants with congenital cataract	ELISA	18	16.7
Clinical Adult Populations (n = 23)
Armelia et al (2012) [54]	2010–2011	Indonesia	Hospital	CS^a	Conv	Pre–kidney transplant patients	Anti-HSV-1 IgG	23	68.2
Bu et al (2015) [45]	2012–2013	China	Hospital	CC	Conv	Patients with Alzheimer disease	ELISA	128	85.2
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	<39-y-old patients with STD	EIA	10	60.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	>40-y-old patients with STD	EIA	16	81.2
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	Pregnant Tokyo women with HTLV-1	EIA	32	56.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	Pregnant Kagoshima women with HTLV-1	EIA	100	83.0
Kaur et al (2006) [69]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	Women attending an STD clinic	ELISA	52	82.7
Kaur et al (2006) [69]	NA	India	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	Women attending an STD clinic	ELISA	76	73.7
Patwardhan and Bhalla (2016) [70]	NA	India	Hospital	CS	Conv	Patients with first genital herpes	ELISA	21	42.8
Patwardhan and Bhalla (2016) [70]	NA	India	Hospital	CS	Conv	Patients with recurrent genital herpes	ELISA	23	65.2
Shivaswamy et al (2005) [64]	2001–2003	India	Outpatient clinic	CC	Conv	<40-y-old patients in an STI clinic	ELISA	111	90.1
Shivaswamy et al (2005) [64]	2001–2003	India	Outpatient clinic	CC	Conv	≥40-y-old patients in an STI clinic	ELISA	24	95.8
Sun et al (2005) [48]	NA	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	Diabetic inpatients	ELISA	206	46.1
Sun et al (2005) [48]	NA	China	Hospital	CS	Conv	Nondiabetic inpatients	ELISA	1360	36.3
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	<29-y-old men	ELISA	72	47.2
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old men	ELISA	50	52.0
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old men	ELISA	41	58.8
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	>50-y-old men	ELISA	37	78.4
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	<20-y-old female patients	ELISA	28	32.1
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old women	ELISA	98	49.0
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old women	ELISA	40	67.5
Theng et al (2006) [71]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	>40-y-old women	ELISA	32	78.2
Zegans et al (1999) [66]	1999	India	Hospital	CS	Conv	Patients with Mooren ulcers	ELISA	21	86.0
Clinical Mixed-Age Population (n = 1)
Lee and Lee (2015) [72]	NA	South Korea	Community	CS^a	Conv	>11-y-old patients	Multiplex immunoassay	2317	73.8
Other Populations (n = 25)
Chu et al (2006) [73]	NA	Thailand	Hospital	CS	Conv	HIV-infected men	ELISA	66	53.0
Chu et al (2006) [73]	NA	Thailand	Hospital	CS	Conv	HIV-infected women	ELISA	70	73.0
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	15–20-y-old healthy/clinical patients	ELISA	622^b	74.3
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	20–30-y-old healthy/clinical patients	ELISA	622^b	79.2
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	30–35-y-old health/clinical patients	ELISA	622^b	74.6
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	25–40-y-old healthy/clinical patients	ELISA	622^b	74.5
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	40–45-y-old healthy/clinical patients	ELISA	622^b	77.1
Cowan et al (2003) [56]	1998–2000	Sri Lanka	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	>45-y-old healthy/clinical patients	ELISA	622^b	82.0
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	Female sex workers	EIA	70	75.7
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	<39-y-old MSM	EIA	15	53.3
Hashido et al (1998) [58]	NA	Japan	Community	CS	Conv	>40-y-old MSM	EIA	19	97.4
Lin et al (2011) [53]	NA	China	Community	CS	Conv	18–29-y-old HIV-infected patients	ELISA	191	94.3
Lin et al (2011) [53]	NA	China	Community	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old HIV-infected patients	ELISA	503	92.6
Lin et al (2011) [53]	NA	China	Community	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old HIV-infected patients	ELISA	290	89.7
Lin et al (2011) [53]	NA	China	Community	CS	Conv	50–59-y-old HIV-infected patients	ELISA	96	85.4
Lin et al (2011) [53]	NA	China	Community	CS	Conv	60–94-y-old HIV-infected patients	ELISA	30	93.3
Limpakarnjanara et al (1999) [74]	1994	Thailand	Community	CS	Conv	>16-y-old female sex workers	WB	500	91.0
Neal et al (2011) [75]	NA	China	Community	CS	Conv	Sex workers	WB	273	91.9
Qutub and Akhter (2003) [76]	NA	Bangladesh	Community	CS^a	Conv	Female sex workers	WB	463	92.7
Theng et al (2006) [77]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	20–29-y-old sex workers	ELISA	146	80.1
Theng et al (2006) [77]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	30–39-y-old sex workers	ELISA	56	67.9
Theng et al (2006) [77]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	40–49-y-old sex workers	ELISA	60	68.3
Theng et al (2006) [77]	2003–2004	Singapore	Outpatient clinic	CS	Conv	>50-y-old sex workers	ELISA	38	89.5
Van Griensven et al (2013) [78]	2006–2010	Thailand	Community	CS	Conv	>18-y-old MSM	ELISA	1740	56.5
Yap et al (2017) [79]	NA	Malaysia	Hospital	CS	Conv	HIV-infected patients	ELISA	232	70.7

Abbreviations: CC, case-control; CFT, complement fixation test; Conv, convenience; CS, cross-sectional; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1; HTLV-1, human T-lymphotropic virus 1; MSM, men who have sex with men; NA, not available; PHA, passive hemagglutination assay; RS, random sampling; STD, sexually transmitted disease; STI, sexually transmitted infection; WB, Western blot.

^aThe actual study design was cohort, but the extracted seroprevalence measure was for the baseline measurement.

^bThe study included overall sample size but no sample sizes for individual strata. Each stratum sample size was assumed to be equal to the overall sample size divided by the number of strata in the study.