Table 4.
Studies From Asia Reporting Proportion of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Viral Detection in Clinically Diagnosed Genital Ulcer Disease, or Proportion of HSV-1 Viral Detection in Clinically Diagnosed Genital Herpes
| Authors (Year) | Year(s) of Data Collection | Country | Study Site | Study Design | Sampling Method |
HSV-1 Biological Assay | Population | Sample Size, No. | Proportion of HSV-1 Detection, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HSV-1 Detection in Clinically Diagnosed GUD (n = 8) | |||||||||
| Chu et al (2006) [73] | NA | Thailand | Hospital | CS | Conv | PCR | Patients with genital ulcers | 26 | 0.0 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Male patients with primary genital ulcers | 121 | 8.3 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Female patients with primary genital ulcers | 54 | 27.8 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Male patients with recurrent genital ulcer | 181 | 1.6 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Female patients with recurrent genital ulcers | 24 | 0.0 |
| Hooi et al (2002) [81] | 1990–1999 | Malaysia | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Patients attending a university hospital | 102 | 28.4 |
| Hooi et al (2002) [81] | 1990–1999 | Malaysia | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | Patients attending an STD clinic | 204 | 3.4 |
| Thirumoorthy et al (1986) [82] | 1984 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | Male patients with penile ulcers | 80 | 0.0 |
| HSV-1 Detection in Clinically Diagnosed Genital Herpes (n = 24) | |||||||||
| Cheong et al (1990) [83] | 1986–1987 | Singapore | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | First genital herpes episode | 62 | 33.9 |
| Chiam et al (2010) [84] | 1982–2008 | Malaysia | Hospital | CS | Conv | DFA | Malaysian patients | 49 | 61.2 |
| Chiam et al (2010) [84] | 1982–2008 | Malaysia | Hospital | CS | Conv | DFA | Indian patients | 36 | 50.0 |
| Chiam et al (2010) [84] | 1982–2008 | Malaysia | Hospital | CS | Conv | DFA | Chinese patients | 30 | 6.7 |
| Chio et al (2015) [46] | 2014 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | PCR | Patients with genital herpes | 193 | 13.9 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Male patients with primary genital herpes | 98 | 10.2 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Female patients with primary genital herpes | 52 | 28.9 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Male patients with recurrent genital herpes | 116 | 2.5 |
| Chua and Cheong (1995) [80] | 1993 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | CF | Female patients with recurrent genital herpes | 19 | 0.0 |
| Doraisingham et al (1987) [85] | 1984–1986 | Singapore | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Genital lesions positive for HSV | 215 | 21.4 |
| Doraisingham et al (1987) [85] | 1984–1986 | Singapore | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Genital HSV isolates | 49 | 32.7 |
| Hooi et al (2002) [81] | 1990–1999 | Malaysia | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Patients attending a university hospital | 55 | 52.7 |
| Hooi et al (2002) [81] | 1990–1999 | Malaysia | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | Patients attending an STD clinic | 165 | 4.2 |
| Ishiguro et al (1982) [86] | 1975–1978 | Japan | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | Nab | Patients with genital herpes | 13 | 53.8 |
| Jacob et al (1989) [87] | 1983–1986 | India | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | Patient with primary genital herpes | 10 | 10.0 |
| Jacob et al (1989) [87] | 1983–1986 | India | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | Patient with recurrent genital herpes | 42 | 0.0 |
| Kao et al (1991) [88] | 1981–1990 | Taiwan | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Genital HSV isolates in men | 53 | 0.0 |
| Kao et al (1991) [88] | 1981–1990 | Taiwan | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Genital HSV isolates in women | 96a | 9.4 |
| Kawana et al (1982) [47] | NA | Japan | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | Nab | Patients with primary genital herpes | 50 | 62.0 |
| Kawana et al (1982) [47] | NA | Japan | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | Nab | Patients with recurrent genital herpes | 49 | 10.2 |
| Puthavathana et al (1998) [89] | 1994–1996 | Thailand | Hospital | CS | Conv | IF | Women with genital herpes | 75 | 18.7 |
| Sen et al (2008) [90] | 1996–2006 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | PCR | Patients with genital herpes | 13 | 53.8 |
| Theng and Chan (2004) [91] | 2001 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | First genital herpes episode | 114 | 19.3 |
| Theng and Chan (2004) [91] | 2001 | Singapore | Outpatient clinic | CS | Conv | IF | Recurrent genital herpes episode | 127 | 4.7 |
Abbreviations: CF, complement fixation; Conv, convenience; CS, cross-sectional; DFA, direct fluorescent assay; GUD, genital ulcer disease; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1; IF, immunofluorescence; NA, not available; Nab, neutralization antibody test; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; STD, sexually transmitted disease.
aThis population included a mix of patients with clinically diagnosed genital herpes and patients suspected of a viral infection from whom cervical swab samples were collected (n = 47).