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. 2019 Feb 8;10:117. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00117

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Copyright © 2019 Seifi and Shelp.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model for interaction of Spm with plant responses to (a)biotic stresses. Lines ending in arrowheads and closed circles, respectively, indicate positive and negative impacts. Biotic Stress: OR, oxidative response; HR, hypersensitive response; MMD, mitochondrion membrane dysfunction; PAO, polyamine oxidase; JA, jasmonic acid; LOX, lipoxygenase; AOS, allene oxide synthase; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; ERF, ethylene responsive factor; PR, pathogenesis related; R: resistance. Abiotic Stress: = AR, antioxidant response; ASA, ascorbic acid; GSH, glutathione; ABA, abscisic acid; ABF, abscisic acid-binding factor; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GR, glutathione reductase; CAT, catalase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HSP, heat shock protein.