Table 1.

Key studies in the development of culture methods for HBECs and directed differentiation protocols to derive airway epithelial cells from iPSCs.

Human bronchial epithelial cell culture methods	Reference
Clonal growth of human bronchial epithelial cells	Lechner et al., 1981
Detailed description of a media for proliferation of human bronchial epithelial cells on plastic	Lechner and LaVeck, 1985
Differentiation of serially passaged cells at an air-liquid interface (ALI)	Gray et al., 1996
Current detailed methods for ALI cultures using proprietary reagents	Neuberger et al., 2011
Current detailed methods for ALI cultures using non-proprietary reagents	Fulcher and Randell, 2013
Detailed methods for Conditionally Reprogrammed Cells (CRC, with feeder cells)	Gentzsch et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017
Dual SMAD inhibition method for cell expansion	Mou et al., 2016
Method allowing clonal expansion of CRC primary HBECs	Peters-Hall et al., 2018
CRC method with proprietary media and no feeder cells	Zhang et al., 2018
Derivation of human airway epithelial cells from iPSCs
TGFβ/BMP inhibition required to generate anterior foregut endoderm from iPSC	Green et al., 2011
Differentiation of human CF iPSCs into airway epithelial cells	Mou et al., 2012
Efficient differentiation of human iPSCs into lung epithelial cells comprised of both proximal and distal epithelial cells	Huang et al., 2013
Generation of multiciliated cells from human iPSCs	Firth et al., 2014
Human iPSC-derived lung organoids composed of epithelium and mesoderm	Dye et al., 2015
Surface marker sort method (Carboxypeptidase M) and culture conditions to generate neuroendocrine and functional multiciliated cells	Konishi et al., 2016
Fluorescent lineage reporters to purify early lung progenitors and generate epithelial-only organoid	Hawkins et al., 2017
Wnt withdrawal after early lung specification required for airway patterning	McCauley et al., 2017
Engraftment of iPSC-derived similar to embryonic lung-tips into immunocompromised mouse lungs	Miller et al., 2018