Table 2.
Chromosome damage induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids
| Agent | Testing system | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Micronucleus assay Crotalaria seeds | In vivo peripheral blood of mice | Positive | MacGregor et al. (1990) |
| Crude mixture of integerrimine, retrorsine and impurities | In vivo polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow | Positive | Santos-Mello et al. (2002) |
| Heliotrine | In vivo polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse adult bone marrow and fetal liver | Positive | Sanderson and Clark (1993) |
| Integerrimine | In vivo polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow | Positive | Santos-Mello et al. (2002) |
| Isatidine | in vitro rat hepatocytes | Positive | Muller-Tegethoff et al. (1997) |
| Monocrotaline | In vivo peripheral blood of mice | Positive | MacGregor et al. (1990) |
| Monocrotaline | In vivo polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse adult bone marrow and fetal liver | Positive | Sanderson and Clark (1993) |
| Monocrotaline | In vitro rat hepatocyte micronucleus | Positive | Muller-Tegethoff et al. (1995, 1997) |
| Riddelliine | In vivo peripheral blood and bone marrow of male mice | Week positive | Chan et al. (1994) |
| Riddelliine | In vivo peripheral blood of rats and mice | Negative | Chan et al. (1994); Mirsalis et al. (1993) |
| Retrorsine | In vitro rat hepatocyte micronucleus | Positive | Muller-Tegethoff et al. (1995, 1997) |
| Chromosome aberration Crotalaria retusa | Mouse bone marrow | Positive | Ribeiro et al. (1993) |
| Fulvine | Human blood cells of children suff ering from veno-occlusive disease | Positive | Martin et al. (1972) |
| Isatidine | In vitro V79 cells with or without S9 | Negative | Muller et al. (1992) |
| Isatidine | In vitro V79 cells with primary hepatocytes | Positive | Muller et al. (1992) |
| Heliotrine | In vitro V79 cells with or without S9 | Positive | Takanashi et al. (1980) |
| Heliotropium curassavicum | In vitro CHO cells with or without S9 | Positive | Carballo et al. (1992) |
| Integerrimine | Mouse bone marrow | Positive | Gimmler-Luz et al. (1990) |
| Lasiocarpine | In vitro V79 cells with or without S9 | Positive | Takanashi et al. (1980) |
| Monocrotaline | In vitro V79 cells with S9 or with primary hepatocyte activation | Positive | Muller et al. (1992) |
| Petasitenine | In vitro V79 cells with or without S9 | Positive | Takanashi et al. (1980) |
| Riddelliine | In vitro CHO cells with S9. | Positive | Chan (1993); NTP (2003) |
| Retrorsine | In vitro V79 cells with or without S9; or with primary hepatocytes | Positive | Muller et al. (1992) |
| Senkirkine | In vitro V79 cells with or without S9 | Positive | Takanashi et al. (1980) |
| Sister chromatid exchange dehydroretronecine | In vitro human lymphocytes | Positive | Ord et al. (1985) |
| Heliotrine | In vitro V79 cells with primary chick embryo hepatocyte activation | Positive | Bruggeman and van der Hoeven (1985) |
| Monocrotaline | In vitro V79 cells with primary chick embryo hepatocyte activation | Positive | Bruggeman and van der Hoeven (1985) |
| Riddelliine | In vitro CHO cells with and without S9 | Positive | Chan (1993); NTP (2003) |
| Seneciphylline | In vitro V79 cells with primary chick embryo hepatocyte activation | Positive | Bruggeman and van der Hoeven (1985) |
| Senkirkine | In vitro V79 cells with primary chick embryo hepatocyte activation | Positive | Bruggeman and van der Hoeven (1985) |