Table 3.

Linear regression for EQ-5D-5L (dependent variable) and self-efficacy (measured by the Self-efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease Scale) controlled for disease burden and demographics (p < 0.001, adjusted R² = 0.70)

Variables	Standardized Coefficients	t	95% Confidence interval		p
			Lower	Upper
(Constant)		0.29	0.48	7.62	< 0.001
Self-efficacy	0.54	0.06	0.07	19.33	< 0.001
Disease burden	− 0.24	− 0.01	− 0.004	− 9.05	< 0.001
Gender	− 0.02	− 0.03	0.01	− 0.88	0.38
Age	0.05	0.00	0.002	1.83	0.07
Separated or divorced	−0.02	− 0.05	0.02	− 0.85	0.40
Widowed	−0.01	−0.04	0.03	−0.39	0.70
Single	0.01	− 0.03	0.05	0.42	0.67
Retired	−0.08	−0.08	− 0.01	−2.89	0.004
Permanently sick/disabled	− 0.19	− 0.21	− 0.12	−7.62	< 0.001
Other occupation	0.01	−0.03	0.06	0.50	0.62
GP practice IMD quintile	−0.03	−0.01	0.002	−1.58	0.12
Mental health condition (yes/no)	−0.02	− 0.04	0.02	− 0.63	0.53
Hospital admission for long-term chronic conditon	−0.05	−0.08	− 0.01	−2.67	0.008

IMD Index of multiple deprivation