Table 6.
Animal toxoplasmosis prevalence in North African countries.
| Country (author) | Region | Population/sample | Technique | Positive/examined (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morocco (Benkirane et al., 1990) | Rabat | Sheep | ELISA | −(30) | [28] |
| Morocco (Belbacha et al., 2004) | Marrakech | Sheep | ELISA | 15/50 (30) | [24] |
| Morocco (Sawadogo et al., 2005) | Marrakech | Sheep | ELISA | 72/261 (27.6) | [109] |
| Morocco (Benkirane et al., 2015) | Northern Morocco and Middle Atlas | Sheep | ELISA | 42/202 (20.8) | [29] |
| Morocco (Benkirane et al., 2015) | Northern Morocco and Middle Atlas | Goats | ELISA | 9/106 (8.5) | [29] |
| Algeria (Balozet, 1955) | Algiers | Dogs | CFT | 32/105 (30.5) | [16] |
| Algeria (Dechicha et al., 2015) | Blida | Cattle | IFAT | 13/332 (3.9) | [37] |
| Algeria (Dechicha et al., 2015) | Djelfa | Sheep | IFAT | 32/276 (11.6) | [37] |
| Algeria (Dechicha et al., 2015) | Djelfa | Goats | IFAT | 14/106 (13.2) | [37] |
| Algeria (Abdelhadi et al., 2015) | Tiaret | Cattle | ELISA | 14/92 (15.2) | [2] |
| Algeria (Mohamed–Cherif et al., 2015) | Tiaret | Horses | MAT | 76/293 (25.9) | [94] |
| Algeria (Mohamed–Cherif et al., 2015) | Tiaret | Donkeys | MAT | 9/30 (30) | [94] |
| Algeria (Yekkour et al., 2017) | Algiers | Stray cats | MAT | 48/96 (50) | [129] |
| Algeria (Dahmani et al., 2018) | Western, Eastern and South | Sheep | ELISA | 48/580 (8.3) | [36] |
| Tunisia (Ben Rachid and Blaha, 1970) | – | Sheep | SFDT | 169/225 (75.1) | [30] |
| Tunisia (Ben Rachid and Blaha, 1970) | – | Goats | SFDT | 51/85 (60) | [30] |
| Tunisia (Ben Rachid and Blaha, 1970) | – | Cattle | SFDT | 93/250 (37.2) | [30] |
| Tunisia (Ben Rachid and Blaha, 1970) | – | Cattle | SFDT | 16/100 (16) | [30] |
| Tunisia (Ben Rachid and Blaha, 1970) | – | Camels | SFDT | 48/120 (40) | [30] |
| Tunisia (Ben Rachid and Blaha, 1970) | – | Dogs | SFDT | 142/200 (71) | [30] |
| Tunisia (Boughattas et al., 2011) | Sidi Thabet, Monastir and Battan | Horses | MAT | 28/158 (17.7) | [33] |
| Tunisia (Gharbi et al., 2013) | Ben Arous | Sheep | PCR | 9/71 (12.7) | [62] |
| Tunisia (Gharbi et al., 2013) | Kasserine | Sheep | ELISA | 35/184 (19) | [62] |
| Tunisia (Gharbi et al., 2013) | Sidi Bouzid | Sheep | PCR | 27/106 (25.5) | [62] |
| Tunisia (Gharbi et al., 2013) | Siliana | Sheep | ELISA | 3/166 (1.8) | [62] |
| Tunisia (Khayeche et al., 2013) | Sousse | Sheep | PCR | 4/70 (5.7) | [79] |
| Tunisia (Boughattas et al., 2014) | Tunis | Young sheep | MAT | 83/217 (38.2) | [34] |
| Tunisia (Boughattas et al., 2014) | Tunis | Adult sheep | MAT | 92/125 (73.6) | [34] |
| Tunisia (Lahmar et al., 2015) | Gafsa | Sheep | MAT | 82/204 (40.2) | [86] |
| Tunisia (Lahmar et al., 2015) | Gafsa | Goats | MAT | 11/32 (34.4) | [86] |
| Tunisia (Lahmar et al., 2015) | Gafsa | Cattle | MAT | 3/25 (12) | [86] |
| Tunisia (Amairia et al., 2016) | Tabarka | Goats | ELISA | 17/34 (50) | [9] |
| Tunisia (Amairia et al., 2016) | Hammam Bourghiba | Goats | ELISA | 7/43 (16.3) | [9] |
| Tunisia (Amairia et al., 2016) | Tabarka | Goats’ milk | PCR | 0/34 | [9] |
| Tunisia (Amairia et al., 2016) | Hammam Bourghiba | Goats’ milk | PCR | 6/43 (13.9) | [9] |
| Tunisia (Rouatbi et al., 2017) | Beja | Sheep | PCR | 48/150 (32) | [107] |
| Tunisia (Rouatbi et al., 2017) | Sidi Bouzid | Sheep | PCR | 54/174 (31) | [107] |
| Tunisia (Amdouni et al., 2017) | Beja | Sheep | PCR | 50/150 (33.3) | [10] |
| Tunisia (Amdouni et al., 2017) | Beja | Cattle | PCR | 29/150 (19.3) | [10] |
| Tunisia (Amdouni et al., 2017) | Beja | Goats | PCR | 39/120 (32.5) | [10] |
| Libya (Azwai et al., 1993) | – | Goats | IHAT | −(50) | [14] |
| Libya (Azwai et al., 1993) | – | Sheep | IHAT | −(26.2) | [14] |
| Libya (Azwai et al., 1993) | – | Horses | IHAT | −(4.8) | [14] |
| Libya (Azwai et al., 1993) | An-Najila | Cattle | IHAT | −(27.4) | [14] |
| Libya (Azwai et al., 1993) | Khadra’ | Cattle | IHAT | −(14.3) | [14] |
| Libya (Azwai et al., 1993) | Al Hany | Cattle | IHAT | −(10.6) | [14] |
| Libya (El-Gomati et al., 2010) | Tripoli | Mice | Toxocell latex test | 21/60 (35) | [49] |
| Libya (Al-mabruk et al., 2013) | Western, Central, Eastern and Southern | Sheep | LATa | 4122/5806 (71) | [8] |
| Egypt (Rifaat et al., 1976) | Cairo | Chickens | DTb | 17/85 (20) | [105] |
| Egypt (Rifaat et al., 1976) | Cairo | Rabbits | DT | 49/100 (49) | [105] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 1997) | Tanta | Sheep | IHAT | 114/258 (44.2) | [72] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 1997) | Tanta | Sheep | IFAT | 126/258 (48.8) | [72] |
| Egypt (Hilali et al., 1998) | – | Camels | DATc | 29/166 (17.5) | [71] |
| Egypt (El-Ghaysh, 1998) | Monofia | Donkeys | ELISA | 79/121 (65.3) | [48] |
| Egypt (Dubey et al., 2003) | Giza | Free range chickens | MAT | 49/121 (40.5) | [42] |
| Egypt (Ghazy et al., 2007) | – | Horses | ELISA | 160/420 (38.1) | [63] |
| Egypt (Shaapan et al., 2008) | Cairo | Sheep | MAT | 131/300 (43.7) | [112] |
| Egypt (Shaapan et al., 2008) | Cairo | Sheep | ELISA | 125/300 (41.7) | [112] |
| Egypt (Shaapan et al., 2008) | Cairo | Sheep | IFAT | 111/300 (37) | [112] |
| Egypt (Shaapan et al., 2008) | Cairo | Sheep | DT | 102/300 (34) | [112] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2009) | Sharkia | Cattle | ELISA | 10/93 (10.7) | [73] |
| Egypt (Haridy et al., 2010) | Cairo | Working donkeys | ELISA | 45/100 (45) | [69] |
| Egypt (Haridy et al., 2010) | Cairo | Donkeys’ milk | ELISA | 7/15 (46.7) | [69] |
| Egypt (Ghoneim et al., 2010) | El Fayoum | Sheep | ELISA | 61/62 (98.4) | [64] |
| Egypt (Ghoneim et al., 2010) | El Fayoum | Sheep | PCR | 42/62 (67.7) | [64] |
| Egypt (Ghoneim et al., 2010) | El Fayoum | Goats | ELISA | 10/24 (41.7) | [64] |
| Egypt (Ghoneim et al., 2010) | El Fayoum | Goats | PCR | 6/24 (25) | [64] |
| Egypt (Harfoush and Tahoon, 2010) | Kafr El-Sheikh | Domestic ducks | IHAT | −(55) | [68] |
| Egypt (Harfoush and Tahoon, 2010) | Kafr El-Sheikh | Free-range chickens | IHAT | −(38.1) | [68] |
| Egypt (Harfoush and Tahoon, 2010) | Kafr El-Sheikh | Turkeys | IHAT | −(29.4) | [68] |
| Egypt (Ashmawy et al., 2011; Harfoush and Tahoon, 2010) | Kafr El-Sheikh | Domestic rabbits | IHAT | −(17.5 to 37.5) | [12, 68] |
| Egypt (Al-Kappany et al., 2011) | Cairo | Feral cats | MAT | 172/180 (95.5) | [7] |
| Egypt (Ashmawy et al., 2011) | Alexandria | Domestic rabbits | IHAT | 9/85 (10.6) | [12] |
| Egypt (Ashmawy et al., 2011) | Behera | Domestic rabbits | IHAT | 6/69 (8.7) | [12] |
| Egypt (Barakat et al., 2012) | Cairo | Chickens | ELISA | −(62.2) | [18] |
| Egypt (Barakat et al., 2012) | Gharbia | Chickens | ELISA | −(82.3) | [18] |
| Egypt (Barakat et al., 2012) | Kafr El sheikh | Chickens | ELISA | −(67.1) | [18] |
| Egypt (Barakat et al., 2012) | Quena | Chickens | ELISA | −(75) | [18] |
| Egypt (Barakat et al., 2012) | Sharkia | Chickens | ELISA | −(59.5) | [18] |
| Egypt (Barakat et al., 2012) | Sohag | Chickens | ELISA | −(50) | [18] |
| Egypt (Behairy et al., 2013) | Giza | Turkeys | MAT | 103/173 (59.5) | [45] |
| Egypt (Behairy et al., 2013) | Giza | Chickens | MAT | 51/108 (47.2) | [45] |
| Egypt (Behairy et al., 2013) | Giza | Ducks | MAT | 24/48 (50) | [45] |
| Egypt (El-Madawy and Metawea, 2013) | Ismailia | Ostriches | ELISA | 15/120 (12.5) | [51] |
| Egypt (El-Madawy and Metawea, 2013) | Ismailia | Ostriches | PCR | 9/120 (7.5) | [51] |
| Egypt (Behairy et al., 2013) | Giza | Dogs | MAT | 50/51 (98) | [45] |
| Egypt (Behairy et al., 2013) | Giza | Hearts of dogs | Bioassay | 22/43 (51.2) | [45] |
| Egypt (Ahmed et al., 2014) | Sharkia | Sheeps’ milk | PCR | 1/50 (2) | [4] |
| Egypt (Ahmed et al., 2014) | Sharkia | Goats’ milk | PCR | 4/50 (8) | [4] |
| Egypt (Ahmed et al., 2014) | Sharkia | Cows’ milk | PCR | 0/50 | [4] |
| Egypt (Mahmoud et al., 2015) | Gharbia | Stray cats | IHAT | 17/92 (18.5) | [90] |
| Egypt (Mahmoud et al., 2015) | Gharbia | Stray cats | IFAT | 19/92 (20.7) | [90] |
| Egypt (Mahmoud et al., 2015) | Gharbia | Owned cats | IHAT | 4/32 (12.5) | [90] |
| Egypt (Mahmoud et al., 2015) | Gharbia | Owned cats | IFAT | 5/32 (15.6) | [90] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2017) | Menoufia | Sheep | ELISA | −(51.04) | [74] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2017) | Menoufia | Sheep | RT-PCR | −(17.71) | [74] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2017) | Gharbia | Sheep | ELISA | −(52.70) | [74] |
| Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2017) | Gharbia | Sheep | RT-PCR | −(17.57) | [74] |
a
LAT: Latex Agglutination Test.
b
DT: Dye Test.
c
DAT: Direct Agglutination Test.