Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 1023 stage III colon cancer patients by quintiles of dietary insulin load and dietary insulin index
| Characteristics | Dietary insulin load (quintiles) |
Dietary insulin index (quintiles) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P* | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P* | |
| (n = 204) | (n = 205) | (n = 205) | (n = 205) | (n = 204) | (n = 204) | (n = 205) | (n = 205) | (n = 205) | (n = 204) | |||
| Dietary insulin score, median (range)† | 721.1 | 791.5 | 831.8 | 868.0 | 934.6 | — | 38.0 | 41.5 | 43.5 | 45.5 | 48.5 | — |
| (459.7–766.5) | (767.3–813.2) | (813.3–847.8) | (847.8–890.9) | (891.2–1162.1) | (24.6–40.1) | (40.1–42.6) | (42.6–44.4) | (44.4–46.7) | (46.7–59.4) | |||
| Male, No. (%) | 136 (67) | 119 (58) | 107 (52) | 103 (50) | 111 (54) | .008 | 136 (67) | 120 (59) | 109 (53) | 101 (49) | 110 (54) | .005 |
| Age, median (range), y | 60 (28–80) | 58 (21–82) | 61 (34–82) | 60 (24–85) | 63 (28–85) | .90 | 60 (28–80) | 58 (21–82) | 60 (26–80) | 60 (24–85) | 63 (28–85) | .40 |
| Race, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
| White | 187 (92) | 180 (88) | 182 (89) | 184 (90) | 178 (87) | .23 | 186 (91) | 181 (88) | 183 (89) | 179 (87) | 182 (90) | .81 |
| Black | 6 (3) | 16 (8) | 12 (6) | 17 (8) | 14 (7) | 8 (4) | 14 (7) | 12 (6) | 18 (9) | 13 (6) | ||
| Other | 11 (5) | 9 (4) | 11 (5) | 4 (2) | 12 (6) | 10 (5) | 10 (5) | 10 (5) | 8 (4) | 9 (4) | ||
| Baseline performance status, No. (%)‡ | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 161 (79) | 140 (68) | 153 (75) | 145 (71) | 150 (74) | .12 | 158 (77) | 147 (72) | 148 (72) | 145 (71) | 151 (74) | .41 |
| 1–2 | 38 (19) | 61 (30) | 49 (24) | 55 (27) | 50 (24) | 41 (20) | 56 (27) | 51 (25) | 57 (28) | 48 (23) | ||
| Unknown | 5 (2) | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 5 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 2 (1) | 6 (3) | 3 (1) | 5 (3) | ||
| Invasion through bowel wall by T stage, No. (%)§ | ||||||||||||
| T1–2 | 28 (14) | 24 (12) | 31 (15) | 30 (15) | 25 (12) | .81 | 29 (14) | 23 (11) | 29 (14) | 29 (14) | 28 (14) | .88 |
| T3–4 | 172 (84) | 176 (86) | 169 (82) | 169 (82) | 175 (86) | 171 (84) | 178 (87) | 169 (83) | 172 (84) | 171 (84) | ||
| Unknown | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 7 (3) | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | ||
| Positive lymph nodes, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
| 1–3 | 136 (67) | 138 (67) | 134 (66) | 121 (59) | 113 (55) | .06 | 133 (65) | 135 (66) | 133 (65) | 123 (60) | 118 (58) | .38 |
| ≥4 | 64 (31) | 64 (31) | 68 (33) | 79 (39) | 86 (42) | 67 (33) | 69 (33) | 66 (32) | 79 (39) | 80 (39) | ||
| Unknown | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 3 (1) | 5 (2) | 5 (3) | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 6 (3) | 3 (1) | 6 (3) | ||
| Grade of differentiation, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
| Well | 7 (3) | 17 (8) | 7 (3) | 13 (6) | 13 (6) | .15 | 6 (3) | 16 (8) | 11 (6) | 12 (6) | 12 (6) | .45 |
| Moderate | 147 (72) | 127 (62) | 151 (74) | 143 (70) | 137 (67) | 146 (72) | 132 (64) | 140 (68) | 148 (72) | 139 (68) | ||
| Poor/undifferentiated | 45 (22) | 58 (28) | 44 (21) | 43 (21) | 49 (24) | 47 (23) | 56 (27) | 47 (23) | 41 (20) | 48 (24) | ||
| Unknown | 5 (3) | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 6 (3) | 5 (3) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 7 (3) | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | ||
| Treatment arm, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
| 5-FU/LV | 100 (49) | 99 (48) | 108 (53) | 105 (51) | 105 (52) | .90 | 100 (49) | 100 (49) | 109 (53) | 103 (50) | 105 (52) | .90 |
| IFL | 104 (51) | 106 (52) | 97 (47) | 100 (49) | 99 (48) | 104 (51) | 105 (51) | 96 (47) | 102 (50) | 99 (48) | ||
| BMI, No. (%), kg/m2† | ||||||||||||
| BMI <25 | 51 (25) | 60 (29) | 48 (23) | 69 (34) | 75 (37) | .04 | 48 (23) | 61 (30) | 52 (25) | 67 (33) | 75 (37) | .07 |
| 25 ≤ BMI < 30 | 89 (44) | 71 (35) | 80 (39) | 70 (34) | 63 (31) | 89 (44) | 73 (35) | 75 (37) | 74 (36) | 62 (30) | ||
| BMI ≥30 | 64 (31) | 74 (36) | 77 (38) | 66 (32) | 66 (32) | 67 (33) | 71 (35) | 78 (38) | 64 (31) | 67 (33) | ||
| Physical activity, median (range), MET h/wk† | 8.6 | 8.4 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.9 | .03 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 5.7 | .12 |
| (0.0–103.9) | (0.0–119.0) | (0.0–102.2) | (0.0–122.9) | (0.0–75.2) | (0.0–119.0) | (0.0–103.1) | (0.0–122.9) | (0.0–93.4) | (0.0–97.7) | |||
| Cereal fiber, median (range), g† | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.4 | <.001 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.3 | <.001 |
| (0.9–22.8) | (0.8–19.5) | (1.8–20.6) | (1.4–21.7) | (0.4–24.9) | (0.9–22.8) | (0.8–11.6) | (1.7–21.7) | (1.8–15.6) | (0.4–24.9) | |||
| Glycemic load, median (range)† | 116 | 133.4 | 143.2 | 149.2 | 165.0 | <.001 | 116.0 | 134.3 | 142.1 | 149.3 | 163.9 | <.001 |
| (65.0–168.9) | (99.5–184.5) | (98.6–203.9) | (103.9–189.9) | (116.1–216.6) | (65.0–168.9) | (106.4–177.0) | (98.6–193.9) | (112.7–203.9) | (106.8–220.6) | |||
| Total carbohydrate intake, median (range), g/d† | 214.0 | 240.5 | 252.5 | 264.8 | 284.0 | <.001 | 214.0 | 241.0 | 255.3 | 264.3 | 283.8 | <.001 |
| (129.9–299.3) | (172.6–312.8) | (190.2–327.7) | (183.6–344.4) | (212.7–383.6) | (129.9–299.3) | (185.6–318.2) | (172.6–344.4) | (198.5–362.6) | (201.5–383.6) | |||
| Alcohol intake, median (range), g/d† | 8.5 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | <.001 | 8.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0 | <.001 |
| (0.0–93.0) | (0.0–36.7) | (0.0–45.0) | (0.0–31.5) | (0.0–16.3) | (0.0–93.0) | (0.0–41.4) | (0.0–45.0) | (0.0–19.8) | (0.0–16.3) | |||
*
Chi-square test for categorical variables; Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. All statistical tests were two-sided. 5-FU = 5-fluorouracil; BMI = body mass index; IFL = irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin; LV = leucovorin; MET = metabolic equivalent tasks.
†
Using cumulative averaging from questionnaire 1 and questionnaire 2.
‡
Baseline performance status: Performance status 0 = fully active; Performance status 1 = restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out light work; Performance status 2 = ambulatory and capable of all self-care but unable to carry out any work activities, up and about more than 50% of waking hours.
§
T1–2 = level of invasion through the bowel wall not beyond the muscle layer; T3–4 = level of invasion through the bowel wall beyond the muscle layer.