Table 4.

Dose-dependent malformation rates of various antiepileptic drug monotherapies.

AED (number exposed)	Dose range (mg/day)	Malformation rate (95% CI)
Carbamazepine (n =1402)	<400	3.4% (1.11–7.71)
	≥400 <1000	5.3% (4.07–6.89)
	≥1000	8.7% (5.24–13.39)
Lamotrigine (n =1280)	<300	2.0% (1.19–3.24)
	≥300	4.5% (2.77–6.87)
Phenobarbital (n = 217)	<150	5.4% (2.51–10.04)
	≥150	13.7% (5.70–26.26)
Valproic acid (n =1010)	<700	5.6% (3.60–8.17)
	≥700 <1500	10.4% (7.83%–13.50)
	≥1500	24.2% (16.19–33.89)

Reproduced with permission from [36].