Table II.
Causes of mortality by baseline characteristics and comorbidities*
| Cause of death |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| CLL-related (n = 134) | Unrelated to CLL (n = 50) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 68 [39–87] | 71 [44–89] | 0.06 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | |||
| Age <60 | 29 (22) | 8 (16) | 0.30 |
| Age 60–69 | 47 (35) | 14 (28) | |
| Age 70+ | 58 (43) | 28 (56) | |
| Sex | |||
| Males | 103 (77) | 41 (82 | 0.45 |
| Females | 31 (23) | 41 (82) 9 (18) | |
| Laboratory parameters at diagnosis | |||
| ALC at diagnosis (× 109/l) | 10.1 [0.4–958] | 8.2 [1.0–115] | 0.52 |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | 80 [10–199] | 74 [21–143] | 0.16 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 37 [11–49] | 36 [28–47] | 0.32 |
| Total bilirubin (lmol/l) | 0.03 [0.01–1.3] | 0.03 [0.02–0.1] | 0.93 |
| B2M | |||
| ≥35 mg/l | 45 (41) | 17 (39) | 0.76 |
| <35 mg/l | 64 (59) | 27 (61) | 0.76 |
| Missing | 25 | 6 | |
| CLL characteristics at diagnosis | |||
| Rai stage | |||
| 0 | 53 (40) | 24 (48) | 0.16 |
| I–II | 62 (47) | 24 (48) | |
| III–IV | 18 (14) | 2 (4) | |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | |
| CD49d | |||
| Positive (≥45%) | 51 (48) | 14 (34) | 0.13 |
| Negative (<45%) | 55 (52) | 27 (66) | |
| Missing | 28 | 9 | |
| CD49d | |||
| Positive (≥30%) | 58 (55) | 17 (41) | 0.15 |
| Negative (<30%) | 48 (45) | 24 (59) | |
| Missing | 28 | 9 | |
| IGHV | |||
| Unmutated | 78 (72) | 23 (53) | 0.034 |
| Mutated | 31 (28) | 20 (47) | |
| Missing | 25 | 7 | |
| High-Risk FISH | |||
| No (negative, del13q, +12) | 76 (66) | 37 (80) | 0.06 |
| Yes (del11q, del17p) | 40 (34) | 9 (20) | |
| Missing/Other | 18 | 4 | |
| Comorbid conditions at diagnosis | |||
| Other cancer† | |||
| Yes | 32 (24) | 10 (20) | 0.57 |
| No | 99 (76) | 39 (80) | |
| Missing | 3 | 1 | |
| Stroke | |||
| Yes | 2 (1) | 4 (8) | 0.047 |
| No | 132 (99) | 46 (92) | |
| Cardiac disease | |||
| Yes | 42 (31) | 24 (48) | 0.036 |
| No | 92 (69) | 26 (52) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 58 (43) | 29 (58) | 0.08 |
| No | 76 (57) | 21 (42) | |
| Respiratory | |||
| Yes | 28 (21) | 14 (28) | 0.31 |
| No | 106 (79) | 36 (72) | |
| Endocrinological | |||
| Yes | 22 (16) | 6 (12) | 0.46 |
| No | 112 (84) | 44 (88) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | 15 (11) | 11 (22) | 0.06 |
| No | 119 (89) | 39 (78) | |
| Dyslipidaemia | |||
| Yes | 47 (35) | 25 (50) | 0.07 |
| No | 87 (65) | 25 (50) | |
| Rheumatological | |||
| Yes | 56 (42) | 16 (32) | 0.23 |
| No | 78 (58) | 34 (68) | |
| Gastrointestinal | |||
| Yes | 47 (35) | 13 (74) | 0.24 |
| No | 87 (65) | 37 (74) | |
| Genitourinary | |||
| Yes | 53 (40) | 23 (46) | 0.43 |
| No | 81 (60) | 27 (54) | |
| Psychiatric | |||
| Yes | 17 (13) | 5 (10) | 0.62 |
| No | 117 (87) | 45 (90) | |
| DVT/PE | |||
| Yes | 2 (1) | 3 (6) | 0.12 |
| No | 132 (99) | 47 (94) | |
| Alcohol abuse | |||
| Yes | 8 (6) | 3 (6) | 1.00 |
| No | 126 (94) | 47 (94) | |
| STD | |||
| Yes | 5 (4) | 1 (2) | 1.00 |
| No | 129 (96) | 49 (98) | |
| CCI (median, range) | 3 (0–17) | 4 (0–12) | 0.019 |
| CCI score | |||
| 0–3 | 86 (64) | 20 (40) | 0.006 |
| 4–5 | 20 (15) | 16 (32) | |
| 6–7 | 19 (14) | 6 (12) | |
| 8+ | 9 (7) | 8 (16) | |
| Major CM(median, range) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 0.011 |
| Major CM | |||
| 0 | 56 (42) | 11 (22) | 0.032 |
| 1 | 48 (36) | 21 (42) | |
| 2+ | 30 (22) | 18 (36) | |
ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; B2M, beta-2-microglobulin; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; CM, comorbidities; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; IGHV, Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene; PE, pulmonary embolism; STD, sexually transmitted disease.
*
Deaths due to infection and other cancers are categorized as CLLrelated death. Deaths due to unknown cause are not included.
†
‘Other cancers’ did not include non-melanoma skin cancers.