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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2019 Mar;160(3):592–599. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001439

Table 2:

Demographic and clinical factors associated with guideline-recommended medications for neuropathic pain and opioid medications in the peripheral neuropathy population**

Any opioid use


OR (95% CI)
 >/= 90 days of
opioid use

OR (95% CI)		 Guideline-
recommended
medications
OR (95% CI)
Male (ref=Female) 0.89 (0.82,0.97)* 0.77 (0.67,0.90)* 0.68 (0.62,0.74)*
Age 0.87 (0.86,0.89)* 0.97 (0.94,1.01) 0.95 (0.93,0.96)*
Race (ref=White)
Asian 0.57 (0.45,0.73)* 0.54 (0.27,1.08) 0.61 (0.46,0.82)*
Black 1.02 (0.89,1.16) 0.84 (0.67,1.06) 0.90 (0.79,1.03)
Hispanic 0.87 (0.75,1.00)* 0.64 (0.48,0.84)* 0.76 (0.66,0.89)*
Education (ref= Less than 12th Grade)
High School Diploma 1.08 (0.63,1.83) 3.76 (0.87,16.24) 0.78 (0.46,1.32)
Less than Bachelor Degree 1.00 (0.59,1.70) 2.85 (0.66,12.33) 0.62 (0.36,1.04)
Bachelor Degree Plus 0.74 (0.43,1.28) 1.74 (0.39,7.17) 0.50 (0.29,0.87)*
Household income
(Ref= <$40K)
$40K-$49K
 1.05 (0.89,1.23) 1.74 (1.37,2.20)* 1.00 (0.85,1.17)
$50K-$59K
 1.03 (0.87,1.21) 1.44 (1.08,1.92)* 1.01 (0.86,1.19)
$60K-$74K
 0.95 (0.82,1.10) 1.34 (0.99,1.80) 1.07 (0.93,1.24)
$75K-$99K
 1.21 (1.05,1.39)* 1.51 (1.16,1.98)* 0.99 (0.87,1.14)
$100K+ 1.02 (0.89,1.16) 1.05 (0.81,1.36) 0.86 (0.76,0.99)*
Diabetes 1.38 (1.27,1.50)* 1.32 (1.13,1.53)* 1.52 (1.39,1.65)*
Anxiety 1.14 (0.97,1.33) 1.43 (1.13,1.82)* 1.54 (1.33,1.79)*
Depression 1.25 (1.01,1.55)* 1.48 (1.09,2.03)* 1.65 (1.35,2.02)*
Charlson score 1.15 (1.10,1.20)* 1.24 (1.17,1.32)* 1.16 (1.11,1.21)*
Pain specialist

Neurologist
Physiatrist
Anesthesiologist

1.23 (1.12,1.36)*
1.97 (1.67,2.34)*
3.90 (3.07,4.95)*

1.16 (0.99,1.36)
1.77 (1.44,2.16)*
4.32 (3.57,5.23)*

1.92 (1.75,2.10)*
1.55 (1.35,1.79)*
3.07 (2.60,3.61)*
Insurance type
(Ref=PPO)

EPO
HMO
IND
Other
POS


1.03 (0.85,1.25)
0.94 (0.81,1.09)
1.06 (0.88,1.27)
0.68 (0.51,0.90)*
1.11 (0.96,1.29)


0.80 (0.56,1.14)
1.10 (0.85,1.43)
0.95 (0.71,1.28)
1.94 (1.20,3.12)*
1.07 (0.83,1.38)


0.85 (0.70,1.03)
0.92 (0.79,1.06)
1.02 (0.86,1.21)
1.06 (0.79,1.41)
0.94 (0.81,1.09)

*p<0.05

**Models adjusted for census level division

EPO= Exclusive Provider Organization, HMO= Health Maintenance Organization, IND= Indemnity, POS=Point of Service, PPO= Preferred Provider Organization