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. 2019 Feb 15;47(3):e206–e213. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003621

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Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 2. — Cytokine levels are elevated in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients with acquired brain injury. ECMO induces early cytokine up-regulation for (A) interleukin (IL)–6 and (B) IL-8 at day 1 of ECMO (n = 20) compared with disease-control patients without ECMO (n = 5). Circle shapes are nonbrain injury patients, and triangles represent brain injury patients. C, Heat map representation of all mean ± sd values (text shown, pg/mL) of cytokines separated by brain injury status. Significance is defined as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance versus sick control shown in the far left column of the heat map.