Table 1.
National survey results and diagnostic reference levels for adult PET/CT and nuclear medicine imaging procedures commonly performed in Korea
| Radiopharmaceuticals | Min | Percentile | Max | Mean | SD | DRLs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25th | 50th | 75th | |||||||
| Tumor PET (130/130)* | 18F-FDG | 250 | 370 | 370 | 370 | 414 | 356.1 | 35.9 | 370 |
| Brain PET (109/109) | 18F-FDG | 185 | 185 | 270 | 370 | 380 | 282.9 | 83.3 | 370 |
| Brain PET (73/71) | 18F-FP-CIT | 180 | 185 | 185 | 185 | 296 | 186.4 | 12.1 | 185 |
| Bone scan (109/111) | 99mTc-diphosphonate (MDP, HDP, DPD) | 555 | 740 | 740 | 925 | 1110 | 822.4 | 130.9 | 925 |
| Leukocyte scan (30/28) | 99mTc-HMPAO-WBC | 74 | 648 | 740 | 888 | 1110 | 725.6 | 219.7 | 888 |
| Thyroid scan (103/108) | 99mTc-pertechnetate | 111 | 185 | 185 | 217 | 444 | 214.6 | 78.5 | 217 |
| Thyroid cancer WBS (66/67) | 123I-NaI | 111 | 185 | 185 | 185 | 370 | 179.7 | 38.3 | 185 |
| Thyroid cancer WBS (66/67) | 131I-NaI | 74 | 111 | 111 | 185 | 370 | 137.7 | 52.3 | 185 |
| Parathyroid scan (84/84) | 99mTc-MIBI | 185 | 555 | 740 | 740 | 1110 | 691.2 | 220.1 | 740 |
| Gated cardiac blood pool scan (53/53) | 99mTc-RBC (planar) | 370 | 740 | 740 | 740 | 1100 | 730.7 | 115.8 | 740 |
| 99mTc-RBC (SPECT) | 740 | 740 | 740 | 851 | 1110 | 811.7 | 119.0 | 851 | |
| Lung perfusion scan (87/88) | 99mTc-MAA | 111 | 185 | 185 | 222 | 370 | 215.2 | 79.1 | 222 |
| Lymphangioscintigraphy (62/62) | 99mTc-phytate | 37 | 74 | 148 | 148 | 444 | 137.6 | 81.5 | 148 |
| Raynaud’s scan (71/70) | 99mTc-RBC | 185 | 555 | 740 | 740 | 1110 | 661.3 | 200.2 | 740 |
| Liver scan (56/56) | 99mTc-phytate | 148 | 185 | 185 | 185 | 740 | 200.9 | 79.7 | 185 |
| Hepatobiliary scan (88/88) | 99mTc-mebrofenin | 148 | 185 | 259 | 370 | 1110 | 287.5 | 136.9 | 370 |
| Salivary scan (89/89) | 99mTc-pertechnetate | 111 | 185 | 370 | 370 | 740 | 321.2 | 132.2 | 370 |
| Gastric emptying scan (78/78) | 99mTc-DTPA or -pertechnetate | 37 | 37 | 74 | 111 | 740 | 92.8 | 112.6 | 111 |
| Renal scan (dynamic) (82/82) | 99mTc-DTPA | 111 | 370 | 370 | 555 | 740 | 438.7 | 169.6 | 555 |
| Renal scan (dynamic) (62/62) | 99mTc-MAG3 | 74 | 185 | 370 | 500 | 740 | 368.5 | 172.9 | 500 |
| Renal scan (static) (98/100) | 99mTc-DMSA | 37 | 185 | 185 | 185 | 740 | 203.7 | 109.7 | 185 |
| Radionuclide cystography (23/21) | 99mTc-pertechnetate | 35 | 37 | 74 | 74 | 370 | 76.4 | 67.3 | 74 |
| Sentinel lymphangiography (53/53) | 99mTc-phytate | 7.4 | 37 | 37 | 74 | 185 | 55.6 | 43.1 | 74 |
| Neuroendocrine tumor scan (43/41) | 123I-MIBG | 111 | 111 | 111 | 222 | 370 | 171.2 | 85.7 | 222 |
*Indicates the number of institutes with available data of administered activity (2013/2014)
PET, positron emission tomography; Min, minimal values; Max, maximal values; SD, standard deviation; DRL, diagnostic reference level; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; FP-CIT, F-18-fluorinated-N-3-fluoropropyl-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-nortropane; MDP, methyl diphosphonate; HDP, hydroxydiphosphonate; DPD, diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid; HMPAO, hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime; WBC, white blood cell; WBS, whole body scan; MIBI, methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile; ECD, ethyl cysteinate dimer; MPI, myocardial perfusion imaging; TF, tetrofosmin; RBC, red blood cell; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; MAA, macroaggregated albumin; DTPA, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; MAG3, mercaptoacetyltriglycine; DMSA, dimercaptosuccinic acid; MIBG, methyliodobenzylguanidine
The routes of administration of radiopharmaceuticals are intravenous injection in most of PET/CT and NM imaging procedures, except oral administration in thyroid cancer WBS, ingestion in gastric emptying scan, and bladder administration in radionuclide cystography
All radioactivity values are in MBq