Fig. 4. Lic is essential for oncogenic cooperation induced tumor growth and invasion.

Dorsal views of the cephalic complexes (a–d, j–m) and VNCs (e–h, n–q) are shown. Ras^V12/lgl^−/− induced tumor invasion into the VNC (e) was fully blocked by expression of Puc (f), and significantly suppressed by expressing a lic-RNAi (g) or in lic heterozygous mutants (h). A quantification of tumor invasion phenotype in e–h was shown in (i). One-way ANOVA test was used to calculate statistical significance, mean + s.d., n.s., P > 0.05; ***P < 0.001, and more than 30 samples were counted for each group. Eye disc clones expressing Lic (j) or Ras^V12 (k) never invaded into VNC (n, o), while massive tumor growth and invasion to the VNC were observed by co-expression of Ras^V12 and Lic (l, p), or Ras^V12 and MKK3 (m, q). Scale bars, 200 μm in (a–d, j–m) and 100 μm in (e–h, n–q). A quantification of tumor invasion phenotype in n–q was shown in (r). One-way ANOVA test was used to calculate statistical significance, mean + s.d., ***P < 0.001, and more than 40 samples was counted for each group