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. 2019 Feb 15;10:760. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08711-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Pentanoate-induced IL-10 expression in Bregs is dependent on glycolysis and p38 MAPK activity. a Bregs were generated with 4 μg/ml CpG and 5 mM pentanoate in presence of increasing amounts of p38 inhibitor SB203580. IL-10 secretion was determined by ELISA. Three experiments were performed. b ECAR measurement of CpG-induced Bregs generated in the presence and absence of pentanoate. Three independent experiments were performed. c Bar graphs show Hk2 expression in pentanoate-treated Bregs on day 3 of the cell culture. One of three similar experiments is shown. d Immunoblot analysis of main components of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in murine Bregs in the presence of pentanoate (5 mM). Three similar experiments were performed. e, f ELISA (e) and FACS analysis (f) of CD19⁺IL-10⁺ Bregs generated with CpG and pentanoate in the presence of AMPK activator (metformin) or PI3K (wortmannin), PDK1 (GSK2334470), mTOR (rapamycin), and AKT (AKT inhibitor IV) inhibitors with or without SB203580. Three experiments were carried out. Error bars indicate SEM. ***P < 0.001 (Student's t-test)