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. 2019 Feb 15;10:788. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08697-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Reaction mechanism for Bi₂O₃ nanosheets. a In situ DRIFTS spectra for the adsorption and activation of CO₂ in the presence of CH₃OH under Xe-lamp irradiation for OV-rich-Bi₂O₃ nanosheets. Inset at the lower left: the DRIFTS of generation of •CO₂^–; inset at the lower right: the DRIFTS of DMC. b In situ DRIFTS spectra for the catalysts with CO₂ and CH₃OH under Xe-lamp irradiation for 60 min. c Quasi in situ XPS spectra of OV-rich-Bi₂O₃ and OV-poor-Bi₂O₃ nanosheets under the atmosphere of CO₂ (0.2 MPa) at 373 K