Table 1 —
Summary Statistics of Key Response Variables, Individual Demographic Characteristics, and State-level Policy Controls
| Full Sample | Youth younger than 18 |
Youth 18 or older |
States with E-Cig MLSA Laws; Pre-policy periods |
States without E-Cig MLSA Laws; Pre-policy periods |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth substance use | |||||
| Current smoker | 0.17 [0.37] | 0.15 [0.36] | 0.25 [0.43] | 0.18 [0.39] | 0.20 [0.41] |
| Current drinker | 0.39 [0.49] | 0.36 [0.48] | 0.51 [0.50] | 0.41 [0.49] | 0.43 [0.50] |
| Current binge drinker | 0.23 [0.42] | 0.22 [0.41] | 0.35 [0.48] | 0.25 [0.43] | 0.28 [0.45] |
| Current marijuana user | 0.20 [0.40] | 0.19 [0.39] | 0.26 [0.44] | 0.20 [0.40] | 0.20 [0.40] |
| Youth demographic characteristics | |||||
| Female | 0.51 [0.50] | 0.52 [0.50] | 0.46 [0.50] | 0.51 [0.50] | 0.51 [0.50] |
| White | 0.56 [0.50] | 0.56 [0.50] | 0.56 [0.60] | 0.56 [0.50] | 0.58 [0.49] |
| Black | 0.14 [0.35] | 0.14 [0.35] | 0.15 [0.36] | 0.16 [0.37] | 0.08 [0.26] |
| Hispanics | 0.16 [0.37] | 0.16 [0.37] | 0.16 [0.36] | 0.16 [0.37] | 0.18 [0.39] |
| Other races | 0.14 [0.34] | 0.14 [0.34] | 0.13 [0.33] | 0.11 [0.32] | 0.16 [0.37] |
| 9th grade | 0.28 [0.45] | 0.31 [0.46] | 0.01 [0.08] | 0.28 [0.45] | 0.28 [0.45] |
| 10th grade | 0.27 [0.44] | 0.30 [0.46] | 0.01 [0.11] | 0.27 [0.44] | 0.27 [0.44] |
| 11th grade | 0.25 [0.43] | 0.27 [0.44] | 0.10 [0.30] | 0.25 [0.43] | 0.24 [0.43] |
| 12th grade | 0.21 [0.41] | 0.12 [0.33] | 0.88 [0.32] | 0.20 [0.40] | 0.21 [0.41] |
| Merged state-level covariates | |||||
| E-cigarette MLSA Laws | 0.24 [0.43] | 0.27 [0.44] | 0.01 [0.11] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.00 [0.00] |
| Real cigarette taxes | 2.35 [1.18] | 2.37 [1.19] | 2.21 [1.11] | 2.00 [1.20] | 2.22 [0.72] |
| Comprehensive smoke-free air laws | 0.41 [0.49] | 0.42 [0.49] | 0.34 [0.47] | 0.34 [0.47] | 0.24 [0.43] |
| Bans on e-cigarette use in private work places | 0.01 [0.09] | 0.01 [0.09] | 0.01 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.00 [0.00] |
| Real beer taxes | 0.27 [0.24] | 0.27 [0.24] | 0.29 [0.25] | 0.32 [0.27] | 0.24 [0.13] |
| Zero-tolerance law | 0.41 [0.49] | 0.41 [0.49] | 0.41 [0.49] | 0.22 [0.41] | 0.77 [0.42] |
| Underage drinking: No possession of alcohol | 0.15 [0.36] | 0.16 [0.37] | 0.10 [0.29] | 0.05 [0.23] | 0.10 [0.30] |
| Underage drinking: No consumption of alcohol | 0.08 [0.27] | 0.08 [0.27] | 0.07 [0.25] | 0.11 [0.31] | 0.02 [0.12] |
| Underage drinking: No internal consumption of alcohol | 0.18 [0.38] | 0.18 [0.39] | 0.13 [0.34] | 0.12 [0.32] | 0.00 [0.00] |
| Underage drinking: No purchase of alcohol | 0.21 [0.41] | 0.21 [0.40] | 0.25 [0.43] | 0.31 [0.46] | 0.09 [0.28] |
| Underage drinking: Suspense or revoke driving privileges | 0.36 [0.48] | 0.36 [0.48] | 0.33 [0.47] | 0.35 [0.48] | 0.13 [0.33] |
| Underage drinking: Against underage drinking party | 0.14 [0.34] | 0.13 [0.34] | 0.15 [0.36] | 0.13 [0.34] | 0.11 [0.31] |
| Underage drinking: Keg registration law | 0.21 [0.40] | 0.21 [0.41] | 0.20 [0.40] | 0.21 [0.41] | 0.12 [0.32] |
| Medical Marijuana Laws | 0.26 [0.44] | 0.26 [0.44] | 0.22 [0.41] | 0.09 [0.28] | 0.26 [0.44] |
| Medical Marijuana Laws: home cultivation | 0.12 [0.33] | 0.12 [0.33] | 0.13 [0.33] | 0.07 [0.25] | 0.16 [0.36] |
| Medical Marijuana Laws: legal dispensary | 0.12 [0.33] | 0.12 [0.33] | 0.13 [0.33] | 0.06 [0.25] | 0.10 [0.30] |
| Medical marijuana Laws: non-specific pains | 0.19 [0.40] | 0.20 [0.40] | 0.16 [0.37] | 0.08 [0.27] | 0.17 [0.38] |
| Medical Marijuana Laws: registry | 0.15 [0.36] | 0.15 [0.36] | 0.11 [0.31] | 0.03 [0.18] | 0.11 [0.32] |
| Marijuana decriminalization law | 0.37 [0.48] | 0.38 [0.49] | 0.31 [0.46] | 0.40 [0.49] | 0.10 [0.30] |
| State unemployment rates | 6.66 [2.00] | 6.65 [1.99] | 6.80 [2.06] | 6.82 [2.20] | 6.78 [2.15] |
| Natural logarithm of state per capita personal income | 10.65 [0.18] | 10.66 [0.18] | 10.62 [0.17] | 10.59 [0.15] | 10.53 [0.12] |
Notes: Means and standard deviation (in bracket) are reported. The statistics are weighted by the total underage population at the state by year level retrieved from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program.
Definitions of youth substance use are in the text.
E-cigarette MLSA laws and cigarette excise taxes come from CDC State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation System.
State-level policies on underage drinking come from Alcohol Policy Information System.
State unemployment rates and per capita personal income come from Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Comprehensive smoke-free air laws consist of four venues: government and private workplaces, restaurants, and bars.
Cigarette and beer taxes are inflation-adjusted to 2015 dollars using CPI-U.