Table 1.
Molecular biomarkers involved in cardiac hypertrophy
| Biomarkers | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| micro‐RNAs | |
| MiR‐96 | Inhibit mTOR1 and reduce growth factor receptor‐bound 2 expression20, 21 |
| MiR‐30 | Inhibit cardiac hypertrophy related apoptosis32 |
| MiR‐34 | Up‐regulated in the heart in response to stress; improve cardiac function50 |
| MiR‐181 | Up‐regulated in myocardial hypertrophy54 |
| VEGF‐B | Up‐regulated in lipid metabolism in myocardial cells65, 66; lead to myocardial hypertrophy67 |
| SIRT3 | Block cardiac hypertrophic response by augmenting Foxo3a‐dependent antioxidant defense72 |
| GDF15 | Inhibit norepinephrine‐induced myocardial hypertrophy93 |
| GP130 | Lead to cardiac hypertrophy by activating its expression97 |
| CaMK II | Increased in hypertrophied myocardium and related to cardiac hypertrophy105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 |
| CIC‐3 | Associated with myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure114 |
CaMK II, calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II; ClC‐3, chloride channel‐3; GDF15, growth/differentiation factor 15; GP130, glycoprotein 130; SIRT3, NAD‐dependent deacetylase sirtuin‐3; VEGF‐B, vascular endothelial growth factor B; mTOR1, mammalian target of rapamycin 1.