TABLE 6.
Data From Included Studiesa
| Author (Year) | Study Type (LOE) | No. of Ruptures (Patients) | Patient Age (Mean), y | Activity Level | Injury Type (n) | Head Involvement of Tear (n) | Timing of Repair (n) | Surgical Technique (n) | Outcome (n) | Location of Publication | Complications, n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aarimaa et al1 (2004) | CS (4) | 33 (31) | 18-40 (28) | WL, AA, L | IIID (22), IIIC (11) | B/S | A (22), C (11) | TOS (10), SA (12), suturing (11) | E/G (30), F/P (3) | Finland | — |
| Alho2 (1994) | CR (4) | 1 | 28 | WL | IIID | B | C | TOS | E/G | England | — |
| Anbari et al3 (2000) | CR (4) | 1 | 34 | WL | IIID | S | C | TOS + trough | E/G | USA | — |
| Arciero and Cruser5 (1997) | CR (4) | 1 | 20 | WL | IIID | — | A | TOS + trough | E/G | USA | — |
| Bakalim7 (1965) | CR (4) | 1 | 24 | WL | IIID | B | — | TOS | E/G | England | — |
| Berson8 (1979) | CR (4) | 1 | 19 | AA | IIIC | S | A | TOS | E/G | USA | — |
| Cordasco et al9 (2017) | CS (4) | 35 | 23-59 (34.4) | PA, WL, AA | IIID (13), IIIC (22) | B (14), S (21) | A (35) | UCB (35) | E/G (22), F/P (13) | USA | 2: pulmonary embolism, biceps tendinitis |
| De Castro Pochini et al10 (2015) | CR (4) | 1 | 32 | PA | IIIB | — | — | Suturing | E/G | USA | — |
| De Castro Pochini et al11 (2012) | CS (4) | 6 | — (32.7) | WL | IIID/IIIC | B (6) | C (6) | UCB + S/G (6) | E/G (6) | England | 1: foreign body reaction after using FiberWire |
| de Castro Pochini et al12 (2007) | CR (4) | 1 | 30 | PA | IIID | B | A | SA + SW | E/G | England | — |
| de Castro Pochini et al13 (2010) | CH (2) | 10 | 27-47 (32.37) | WL, AA, PA | IIID (8), IIIC (1), IIIB (1) | B (10) | — | SA + SW (7) + S/G (3) | E/G (9), F/P (1) | USA | — |
| de Castro Pochini et al14 (2017) | CH (2) | 27 | — (29.9) | WL, AA | IIID (27) | — | — | UCB + S/G (27) | E/G (26), F/P (1) | Brazil | 1: pain, axillary nerve paresthesia and referred pain |
| Delport and Piper16 (1982) | CR (4) | 1 | 24 | PA | IIID | B | A | TOS | E/G | Germany | — |
| Dempewolf et al17 (2017) | CR (4) | 1 | 22 | PA | IIIC | B | A | UCB | E/G | USA | — |
| Dunkelman et al18 (1994) | CR (4) | 1 | 28 | AA | IIID | B | C | TOS | E/G | USA | — |
| Egan and Hall19 (1987) | CR (4) | 1 | 20 | WL | IIID | B | A | TOS + barbed bone staple | E/G | Canada | — |
| Garrigues et al21 (2012) | CS (4) | 19 (24) | 18-48 (34) | WL, AA, L | IIID (18), IIIC (1) | S (19) | A (17), C (2) | TOS (16), SA (3) | E/G (18), F/P (1) | USA | 5: TOS (persistent pain, superficial infection), SA (keloid, 2 transient medial cord plexopathies) |
| Griffiths and Selesnick23 (1997) | CR (4) | 2 | 42, 25 (33.5) | L, PA | IIID (1), IIIC (1) | B (2) | — | SA (2) | E/G (2) | USA | — |
| Guity et al24 (2014) | CS (4) | 24 (32) | 22-36 (26.9) | WL, AA | IIID (24) | B (24) | A (15), C (9) | TOS + trough (24) | E/G (21), F/P (3) | Asia | 4: superficial infection, wound dehiscence, 2 reruptures |
| Harvey et al28 (2008) | CR (4) | 1 | 34 | — | IIIB | — | C | Suturing + mesh | E/G | USA | — |
| He et al29 (2010) | CS (4) | 9 (12) | 19-54 (32) | WL, AA | IIID (3), IIIC (6) | B (6), S (3) | A (9) | TOS (3), suturing (6) | E/G (8), F/P (1) | China | — |
| Joseph et al31 (2003) | CR (4) | 1 | 21 | WL | IIID | B | A | SA + AC | E/G | USA | — |
| Joshi et al32 (2016) | CS (4) | 11 | 20-30 (25.5) | WL, AA | IIID (11) | B (4), S (7) | A (5), C (6) | SA (11) | E/G (10), F/P (1) | India | — |
| Kakwani et al33 (2007) | CS (4) | 13 | 21-35 (28.6) | WL, AA | IIID (10), IIIF (2), IIIE (1) | B (13) | A (13) | SA (13) | E/G (12), F/P (1) | Germany | 1: rerupture |
| Kang et al34 (2014) | CS (4) | 12 | — | PA, AA | — | — | — | UCB (12) | E/G (12) | USA | — |
| Li et al37 (2007) | CR (4) | 1 | 74 | — | IIID | B | A | SA | E/G | Europe (Amsterdam) | — |
| Mackenzie40 (1981) | CR (4) | 1 | 24 | AA | IIID | B | A | TOS | E/G | South Africa | — |
| Merolla et al43 (2009) | CS (4) | 5 | 23-40 (31) | WL, AA | IIID (5) | B (5) | A (5) | SA (5) | E/G (5) | Italy | — |
| Merolla et al44 (2015) | CS (4) | 12 | 23-45 (34.6) | WL, L, AA | IIID (12) | B (12) | A (8), C (4) | SA (8) + TFL (4) | E/G (12) | France | — |
| Naderi and Funk50 (2009) | CR (4) | 2 (1) | 28 | — | IIID/IIIC | B (2) | C (2) | SA + AC (1), suturing (1) | E/G (2) | UK | — |
| Pavlik et al53 (1998) | CS (4) | 7 | 23-35 (28.2) | WL, AA | IIID (2), IIIC (5) | — | A (6), C (1) | TOS (2), suturing (5) | E/G (7) | Germany | — |
| Pedrazzini et al54 (2017) | CR (4) | 1 | 39 | WL | IIID | B | A | SA | E/G | Italy | — |
| Prabhu et al59 (2017) | CR (4) | 1 | 29 | WL | IIID | B | A | BCB + tendon sliding | E/G | Netherlands | — |
| Quinlan et al62 (2002) | CR (4) | 2 | 25, 24 (24.5) | AA | IIID (2) | B (2) | C (2) | SW (2) | E/G (2) | England | — |
| Salamon et al66 (2015) | CR (4) | 1 | 32 | WL | IIID | B | C | SA + S/G | E/G | Croatia | — |
| Schachter et al67 (2006) | CR (4) | 1 (primary) | 26 | WL | — | — | A | SA | F/P | USA | 1: revision |
| Schachter et al67 (2006) | CR (4) | 1 (revision) | 26 | WL | — | — | C | TOS + trough + S/G | E/G | USA | — |
| Schepsis et al68 (2000) | CS (4) | 13 | 19-37 (29) | WL, AA | IIID/IIIC | — | A (6), C (7) | TOS + trough (13) | E/G (13) | USA | — |
| Scott et al69 (1992) | CR (4) | 1 | — | — | IIID | S | C | TOS | E/G | England | — |
| Shindle et al72 (2007) | CR (4) | 1 | 19 | — | — | S | C | Suturing | E/G | USA | — |
| Verfaillie and Claes81 (1996) | CR (4) | 1 | 45 | AA | IIIE | B | A | SW | E/G | USA | — |
| Vitali et al82 (2016) | CR (4) | 1 | 50 | WL | IIID | CL | C | SA + suturing (CL head to S head) | E/G | Italy | — |
| Warme and Whitaker83 (2004) | CR (4) | 1 | 34 | AA | IIID | S | A | TOS + trough | E/G | USA | — |
| Wheat Hozack et al84 (2013) | CR (4) | 1 | 29 | PA | IIID (S), IIIC (CL) | B | A | UCB | E/G | USA | — |
| Zafra et al86 (2005) | CR (4) | 2 | 20, 20 | WL | IIIC (2) | B (2) | C (2) | SW + P (2) | E/G (1), F/P (1) | Belgium | 1: hypertrophic scar |
| Zvijac et al87 (2011) | CR (4) | 2 (1) | 38 | AA | IIID (2) | B (2) | A (2) | TOS + trough (2) | E/G (2) | USA | — |
| Potter et al58 (2004) | CR (4) | 2 (1) | 40 | AA | IIID (2) | B (2) | C (2) | TOS (2) | E/G (2) | USA | — |
| Rijnberg and van Linge65 (1993) | CR (4) | 1 | 27 | WL | IIIC | B | — | Suturing | E/G | Germany | — |
| Pulaski and Chandlee61 (1941) | CR (4) | 1 | 67 | — | IIIC | B | A | Suturing | E/G | USA | — |
| Kretzler and Richardson36 (1989) | CS (4) | 16 | — (32.5) | WL, AA, L | — | B (15), S (1) | — | TOS (15), suturing (1) | E/G (16) | USA | — |
| Miller et al48 (1993) | CR (4) | 1 | 19 | AA | IIID | B | A | SA | E/G | USA | — |
| Park and Espiniella52 (1970) | CR (4) | 1 | 31 | — | IIIC | B | A | TOS | E/G | USA | — |
| Reut et al64 (1991) | CR (4) | 1 | 31 | WL | IIID | B | A | Suturing | E/G | USA | — |
| Wolfe et al85 (1992) | CS (4) | 7 | 18-43 (30.2) | WL, AA | IIIC (4), IIID (3) | — | A (5 [4 E/G, 1 F/P]), C (2 [2 E/G]) | TOS + trough (7) | E/G (6), F/P (1) | USA | 2: paresthesia in third and fourth digits, widened scar (acute) |
| Orava et al51 (1984) | CS (4) | 5 | 19-38 (27) | — | IIID (4), IIIE (1) | — | A (4), C (1) | TOS (5) | E/G (5) | Germany | — |
| Manjarris et al42 (1985) | CR (4) | 1 | 26 | WL | — | S | — | Suturing | E/G | USA | — |
| Urs and Jani79 (1976) | CR (4) | 1 | 25 | PA | IIID | B | A | TOS | E/G | USA | — |
| Michael et al47 (2013) | CS (4) | 3 | 23-40 (28.7) | WL | IIID (3) | B (3) | C (3) | SA + AC (3) | E/G (3) | USA | — |
| Shepard et al70 (2013) | CR (4) | 1 | 19 | AA | IIIE | B | A | UCB + trough | E/G | USA | — |
| Uchiyama et al78 (2011) | CS (4) | 5 | 23-33 (28.4) | WL, AA | IIID (5) | B (5) | A (5) | BCB + trough (5) | E/G (5) | England | — |
| Valeriote et al80 (2005) | CR (4) | 2 (1) | 22 | WL | IIID (2) | B (2) | C (2) | TOS + cortical window (2) | E/G (2) | USA | — |
| Tomčovčík et al77 (2012) | CR (4) | 1 | 36 | WL | IIID | B | A | SA | E/G | Slovakia | — |
| Moucharafieh49 (2007) | CS (4) | 8 | 24-36 | WL | — | B (8) | A (8) | SA + trough (8) | E/G (8) | Kerala | — |
| Kersch et al35 (1992) | CR (4) | 1 | 30 | AA | IIID | B | A | TOS | E/G | USA | — |
aA, acute; AA, amateur athlete; AC, Achilles graft; B, both; BCB, bicortical button; C, chronic; CH, cohort study; CL, clavicular; CR, case report; CS, case series; E/G, excellent or good; F/P, fair or poor; L, laborer; LOE, level of evidence; P, patellar graft; PA, professional athlete; S, sternal; SA, suture anchor; S/G, semitendinosus/gracilis graft; SW, screw and washer; TFL, tensor fasciae latae graft; TOS, transosseous suture; UCB, unicortical button; WL, weight lifter.