Table 1.

Randomized Controlled Trials of Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction.^a

Randomized Clinical Trial/Year	Agent	Number of Patients	Mean Follow-up (years)	Cardiovascular Mortality Risk	Heart Failure Hospitalization Risk
CHARM-preserved,91 2003	ARB (candesartan)	3023	3.5	HR = 0.95; 95%CI = 0.76-1.18;P = .64	HR = 0·84; 95% CI = 0.70-1.00; P = .047
DIG,92 2006; LVEF ≥ 45%	Digoxin	988	3.1	HR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.73-1.36;P = .98	HR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.59-1.04; P = .09
PEP-CHF,93 2006	ACE-I (perindopril)	850	2.1	HR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.27-1.29; P = .18	HR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.41-0.97; P = .03
I-PRESERVE,94 2008	ARB (irbesartan)	4128	4.1	HR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.86-1.18; P = .92	HR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.81-1.10; P = .50
RALI-DHF,95 2013	Ranolazine	20	<1 (14 days)	NA; no significant changes in echocardiographic or cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters. There were no significant effects on NT-pro-BNP levels
Aldo-DHF,96 2013	Aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone)	422	1	NA; spironolactone slightly improved diastolic dysfunction, without change in peak VO2, heart failure symptoms or quality of life, mortality, or hospitalization
RELAX,97 2014	PDE-5 inhibitor (sildenafil)	216	0.5 (24 weeks)	NA; sildenafil did not result in significant improvement in exercise capacity or clinical status
TOPCAT,98 2014	Aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone)	3445	3.3	HR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.73-1.12; P = .35	HR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.69-0.99; P = .04
NEAT,99 2015	Nitrate (isosorbide mononitrate)	110	<1	NA; activity in the isosorbide mononitrate group was lower than that in the placebo group (−439 accelerometer units; 95% CI = −792 to −86; P = .02)

Abbreviations: ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CV, cardiovascular; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left-ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not available; PDE, phosphodiesterase inhibitor.

^aP values provided where available.