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. 2019 Jan 10;127(1):017004. doi: 10.1289/EHP3567

Table 6.

Estimated average differences in age when pubertal milestones were attained (in months) according to log2-transformed plasma PFHxS, PFHpS, PFNA, and PFDA concentrations in first-trimester maternal samples from participants in the Puberty Cohort, Denmark (2017).

PFHxS PFHpS PFNA PFDA
Departure from linearityb Departure from linearityb Departure from linearityb Departure from linearityb
Outcome βa (95% CI) Test: p-value βa (95% CI) Test: p-value βa (95% CI) Test: p-value βa (95% CI) Test: p-value
Boys (n=227)
 Tanner stages: genitals
  Stage 2 1.22 (2.73, 5.17) 0.71 0.99 (5.12, 3.13) 0.32 2.34 (3.10, 7.78) 0.63 1.88 (2.83, 6.59) 0.67
  Stage 3 6.93 (12.52, 1.34) 0.62 5.24 (9.55, 0.92) 0.30 3.77 (3.42, 10.96) 0.11 1.71 (4.65, 8.06) 0.07
  Stage 4 5.11 (10.31, 0.08) 0.02 0.94 (5.15, 3.27) 0.04 1.92 (5.28, 9.12) 0.26 0.65 (5.23, 6.54) 0.01
  Stage 5 4.13 (11.11, 2.84) 0.05 0.28 (7.28, 6.71) 0.07 1.74 (6.77, 10.24) 0.31 3.71 (3.74, 11.16) 0.01
 Tanner stages: pubic hair
  Stage 2 3.33 (7.45, 0.80) 0.71 2.57 (6.39, 1.25) 0.37 1.35 (4.85, 7.54) 0.49 1.94 (7.93, 4.06) 0.28
  Stage 3 3.24 (7.23, 0.75) 0.02 2.44 (6.31, 1.44) 0.24 0.68 (4.24, 5.61) 0.13 1.27 (5.51, 2.97) 0.01
  Stage 4 4.46 (7.99, 0.92) 0.03 3.55 (6.62, 0.49) 0.52 0.74 (5.39, 3.90) 0.24 2.12 (6.36, 2.12) 0.05
  Stage 5 5.66 (11.24, 0.08) 0.14 2.62 (8.36, 3.11) 0.29 1.82 (7.83, 4.19) 0.41 2.69 (7.95, 2.57) 0.12
  Axillary hair 8.35 (14.50, 2.20) 0.11 4.10 (9.63, 1.43) 0.07 1.19 (6.50, 8.88) 0.64 0.68 (5.35, 6.70) 0.98
  Acne 7.41 (12.03, 2.78) 0.29 4.60 (9.64, 0.44) 0.87 8.15 (13.00, 3.31) 0.09 5.34 (9.94, 0.73) 0.37
  Voice break 7.04 (12.44, 1.63) 0.42 6.22 (11.90, 0.54) 0.94 8.25 (14.44, 2.06) 0.14 7.50 (14.17, 0.83) 0.68
  First ejaculation 4.90 (9.05, 0.75) 0.87 3.39 (8.82, 2.05) 0.74 3.83 (9.11, 1.45) 0.61 4.25 (10.41, 1.91) 0.90
Girls (n=206)
 Tanner stages: breast
  Stage 2 0.53 (6.11, 5.04) 0.13 3.56 (9.06, 1.94) 0.78 8.78 (16.55, 1.02) 0.48 4.21 (9.86, 1.43) 0.84
  Stage 3 3.21 (7.51, 1.10) 0.92 1.94 (6.19, 2.30) 0.09 4.92 (10.70, 0.87) 0.50 2.19 (7.37, 2.99) 0.72
  Stage 4 1.90 (7.31, 3.50) 0.25 2.33 (6.65, 2.00) 0.02 3.78 (10.12, 2.56) 0.24 1.02 (6.72, 4.68) 0.92
  Stage 5 5.83 (16.98, 5.33) 0.78 2.95 (11.75, 5.85) 0.31 3.94 (16.37, 8.49) 0.53 1.11 (11.55, 13.78) 0.91
 Tanner stages: pubic hair
  Stage 2 1.55 (2.36, 5.45) 0.81 0.25 (3.60, 4.10) 0.03 2.40 (7.03, 2.22) 0.76 1.26 (3.02, 5.53) 0.85
  Stage 3 0.50 (3.47, 4.48) 0.81 1.50 (4.74, 1.73) 0.05 4.10 (8.56, 0.37) 0.05 0.25 (3.97, 4.47) 0.65
  Stage 4 1.74 (3.64, 7.12) 0.74 0.08 (4.59, 4.43) 0.00 5.37 (10.72, 0.02) 0.19 0.89 (6.31, 4.53) 0.93
  Stage 5 1.15 (7.49, 9.78) 0.71 0.77 (8.21, 6.66) 0.09 9.51 (17.68, 1.35) 0.05 4.04 (12.41, 4.32) 0.86
  Axillary hair 1.22 (8.33, 5.90) 0.58 1.13 (5.43, 7.70) 0.57 4.23 (12.13, 3.67) 0.15 3.67 (3.50, 10.85) 0.33
  Acne 1.01 (7.42, 9.44) 0.32 2.44 (9.87, 5.00) 0.03 5.62 (15.44, 4.21) 0.29 0.90 (10.05, 8.25) 0.03
  Menarche 1.12 (5.94, 3.70) 0.18 0.61 (5.06, 3.83) 0.03 1.86 (7.51, 3.79) 0.17 3.52 (1.22, 8.25) 0.84

Note: —, data not available; CI, confidence interval; PFDA, perfluorodecanoic acid; PFHpS, perfluoroheptane sulfonate; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid. Adjusted for highest social class of parents, maternal age at menarche, maternal age at delivery, parity, prepregnancy body mass index, and daily number of cigarettes smoked in first trimester.

a

The β coefficient corresponds to the mean monthly difference per doubling of predictor variable.

b

Continuous log2-transformed concentrations modeled as a second-order polynomial to test for quadratic departure from linearity. p-Values (two-sided) are presented.