Table 1.
Descriptive data of mothers, newborns and infants at 6 months
| Maternal information | ALL (n = 102) | GIRLS (n = 53) | BOYS (n = 49) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 28.5 (14–44) | 23 (14–40)# | 32 (14–44)# |
| Pre-gestational weight (kg) | 59 (50.4–68) | 58.0 (50.0–68.8) | 60.0 (53.5–67.5) |
| Height (cm) | 156.7 ± 5.8 | 156.7 ± 6.6 | 156.8 ± 4.9 |
| Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 (15.1–48.4) | 23.3 (15.1–35.3) | 24.6 (18.4–48.1) |
| Overweight/obesity | 41 (40.2) | 19 (35.8) | 22 (44.9) |
| GWG (3rd trimester) | n = 92 | n = 49 | n = 43 |
| Adequate | 22 (23.9) | 10 (20.4) | 12 (27.9) |
| Excessive | 43 (46.7) | 23 (46.9) | 20 (46.5) |
| Infant anthropometry @ birth | n = 94 | n = 49 | n = 45 |
| Weight (kg) | 2.89 ± 0.35 | 2.81 ± 0.32* | 2.98 ± 0.35* |
| Length (cm) | 46.9 ± 2.0 | 46.4 ± 1.9* | 47.5 ± 1.9* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 13.1 ± 1.0 | 13.1 ± 1.0 | 13.0 ± 1.1 |
| BMI/A (z-score) | − 0.20 ± 0.84 | − 0.16 ± 0.79 | − 0.26 ± 0.90 |
| W/L (z-score) | 0.31 ± 0.95 | 0.39 ± 0.87 | 0.26 ± 1.03 |
| Infant anthropometry @ 6 months | n = 102 | n = 53 | n = 49 |
| Weight (kg) | 7.13 ± 0.86 | 6.91 ± 0.81* | 7.47 ± 0.86* |
| Length (cm) | 64.0 ± 2.6 | 63.1 ± 2.2 | 65.0 ± 2.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.4 ± 1.6 | 17.3 ± 1.6 | 17.4 ± 1.6 |
| BMI/A (z-score) | 0.10 ± 1.1 | 0.22 ± 1.00 | − 0.02 ± 1.18 |
| W/L (z-score) | 0.26 ± 1.1 | 0.40 ± 1.00 | 0.12 ± 1.18 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 39.4 ± 2.7 | 39.2 ± 2.7 | 39.7 ± 2.8 |
| Triceps skinfold (mm) | 8.0 (7.0–9.5) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 8.0 (7.0–10.0) |
| Biceps skinfold (mm) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (4.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 7.0 (6.0–9.0) | 7.0 (6.0–9.0) | 7.0 (6.5–8.0) |
| Skinfolds sum (mm) | 21 (18.0–24.5) | 21 (18.0–23.5) | 21 (18.5–25.0) |
| Fat mass (%) | 25.8 ± 5.9 | 26.0 ± 6.4 | 25.5 ± 5.5 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.5 |
| FMI (FMkg/length2) | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 4.5 ± 1.2 |
| Fat-free mass (%) | 74.2 ± 5.9 | 74.0 ± 6.4 | 74.5 ± 5.5 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.5** | 5.5 ± 0.5** |
| Feeding information @ 6 months | n = 102 | n = 53 | n = 49 |
| Exclusive/predominant breastfeeding | 26 (25.5) | 13 (24.5) | 13 (26.5) |
| Breastfeeding up to 6 months + formula | 47 (46.1) | 22 (41.5) | 25 (51.0) |
| Breastfeeding < 6 months + formula | 29 (28.4) | 18 (34.0) | 11 (22.4) |
| Started complementary feeding < 4 month | 25 (24.8) | 15 (28.3) | 10 (20.8) |
| Started complementary feeding > 4 month | 76 (75.2) | 38 (71.7) | 38 (79.2) |
Data are shown as Mean ± SD; Median (25°-75°); n (%)
BMI Body mass index, GWG, Gestational weight gain, BMI/A Body-mass-index/age, W/L, weight-to-length, FMI Fat mass index, FMkg kilograms of fat mass
T-Student test *p < 0.05; **p = 0.001 (girls vs boys); #U Mann-Whitney test p < 0.05 (girls vs boys)