Table 2: Collaboration Skills.

(Modified from UCSF TeamTalk 2015–16: Interprofessional Training in Palliative Care Communication)[41]

Skill	Purpose	Example
Invite participation	Draw out critical information and viewpoints Ensure all key disciplines are heard Validate others’ viewpoints Make the best use of team skills/knowledge Build team consensus	“what experiences have others had when talking with the family?”
Friendly questions	A respectful way to: Clarify Draw attention to an unaddressed area or need Advocate for family	“Can you explain the thinking behind…?” “What would need to happen for [patient] to reach that goal?” “[Family member] asked me earlier…”
Seek Permission	Respectfully interrupt and redirect Seeking non-verbal permission before interrupting	“Would it be OK if I ask a question?” “Can I ask question about something on a different topic?”
Kudos	Build team trust with appreciation Demonstrate respect for team members’ contributions	“[Nurse’s name] really worked hard to make sure that the family got their questions answered.”
Yes. And…	Manage disagreement without negating others’ contributions (Using “But” negates everything that came before it)	“I agree that there are many treatment options to explore and I wonder if we might also focus on ensuring [patient’s] comfort while we’re doing so.”
Support to Disagree	Manage disagreement by acknowledging importance of other position	“I appreciate your position and can see why addressing these things is important to the patient.”
(re)Focus on the patient	Manage disagreement Find common ground Acknowledge shared goal of caring for patient	“It looks like we have different perspectives on this complex issue. What do you think [patient] needs right now?” “I know we’re both trying to do what’s right for this family.”