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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Biochem Sci. 2018 Nov 23;44(3):214–225. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.10.007

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Direct immune regulation of lymphoid cells by SPMs and eicosanoids in cancer. Tumor COX-2 expression induces PGE2 production and tumor growth in a self-feedback loop manner. PGE2 increases angiogenesis that facilitates tumor growth and metastasis, as well as promote the differentiation of Treg to help tumors evade immune surveillance. Actions of COX-2 and PGE2 are inhibited by NSAIDs. Lipoxins and SPMs have broad actions that result in inhibition metastasis, angiogenesis and/or inflammatory cytokine production. LTB4 can have dichotomous functions on lymphocytes in the tumor environment promoting tumor metastasis via upregulating the expression of PPAR□ in Bregs, and on the other hand directly recruiting CTLs to tumors to enhance tumor killing.