Table 1.

Examples of important human mycoses.

Fungal diseases	Distribution and etiological agent	Reference
Aspergillosis	Worldwide mycosis, caused by Aspergillus spp. Wide spectrum of infections in humans, but mainly in immunocompromised individuals. There are more than 250 species of Aspergillus, of these fewer than 40 are reported to cause infections in humans. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus are the most common human pathogens.	Latge, 1999; Sugui et al., 2014
Blastomycosis	Endemic mycosis located to the south central and north central United States, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii that can affects immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.	Castillo et al., 2016; McBride et al., 2017
Candidiasis	Worldwide mycosis, caused by Candida spp, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the main causative agent in systemic fungal infections. Among the Candida species, Candida albicans is the most common to cause infections in humans.	Pfaller and Diekema, 2007; Yapar, 2014
Coccidioidomycosis	Endemic to Southwestern United States and Central and South America, caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii.	Twarog and Thompson, 2015; Stockamp and Thompson, 2016
Cryptococcosis	Wordlwide distribution, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Affects immunocompromised hosts, and is a major cause of HIV-related deaths. One noticeable outbreak in Vancouver Islands of C. gattii in immunocompetent patients.	Casadevall and Perfect, 1998; Heitman et al., 2011; Almeida et al., 2015
Dermatophytosis	Worldwide, Trichophyton rubrum and Trychophyton interdigitale have been described as the most common to cause dermatophytosis, but many other species contribute. The most frequent type of superficial mycosis in humans, attacking skin and nails.	Weitzman and Summerbell, 1995; Bitencourt et al., 2018; Persinoti et al., 2018
Histoplasmosis	Worldwide?, Histoplasma capsulatum is the etiologic agent, mostly immunocompromised individuals, it is one of the most common invasive fungal pulmonary diseases.	Cano and Hajjeh, 2001; Guimaraes et al., 2006
Paracoccidiodomycosis	Endemic to Latin America, caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides species, is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America.	Colombo et al., 2011; Theodoro et al., 2012
Pneumocystis pneumonia	Worldwide, caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, affects patients that were immunosuppressed, such as cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or HIV patients.	Thomas and Limper, 2004; Morris and Norris, 2012
Sporotrichosis	Worldwide, subcutaneous and subacute/chronic disease caused by dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix that affects humans and other mammals.	Chakrabarti et al., 2015; Conceicao-Silva and Morgado, 2018