Table 1.

Clinical trials involving CAR-based immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer from www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Target antigen	Sponsor/collaborator	Cancer type	Status/estimated completion date	Number of patients	Trial ID	Notes
MSLN	National Cancer Institute, USA	Pancreatic cancer Cervical cancer Ovarian cancer Mesothelioma Lung cancer	Recruiting/December, 2029	136 estimated	NCT01583686	Intravenous infusion of retroviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells and low dose IL-2 with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine preconditioning.
	University of Pennsylvania, USA	Pancreatic cancer	Active, not recruiting/September, 2021	18 estimated	NCT03323944	1–3 × 107/m2 (Cohort 1) or 1–3 × 108/m2 (Cohort 2 and 3) lentiviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells with/without cyclophosphamide preconditioning.
	Shanghai Gene Chem Co., Ltd./Shanghai Cancer Hospital, China	Metastatic pancreatic cancer	Unknown/July, 2018	20 estimated	NCT02959151	Intratumor injection or i.v. at one dose of 1.25~4 × 107 CAR+ lentiviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells/cm 3 tumor bulk.
	University of Pennsylvania, USA	Metastatic PDAC	Completed/March 2017	16 actual	NCT01897415	1–3 × 108/m2 RNA transfected MSLN-CAR T cells i.v. injected three times weekly for up to 3 weeks. No cytokine release syndrome, neurologic symptoms or dose-limiting toxicities reported. One patient has a response in the live, but no activity in the primary tumor (37).
	University of Pennsylvania, USA	Metastatic PDAC Epithelial ovarian cancer Malignant epithelial pleuralmesothelioma	Completed/November, 2015	19 actual	NCT02159716	1–3 × 107 and 1–3 × 108/m2 lentiviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells i.v. injected with or without cyclophosphamide preconditioning. Safe in patients with recurrent serious ovarian cancer. CAR T cells expanded in the blood of all patients. One patient had clearance of pleural effusion (104).
	Chinese PLA General Hospital, China	Malignant mesothelioma Pancreatic cancer Ovarian tumor Triple negative breast cancer Endometrial cancer Other MSLN+ tumors	Unknown/November 2018	20 estimated	NCT02580747	Retroviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells.
	China Meitan General Hospital/Marino Biotechnology Co., Ltd. China	Mesothelin+ tumors	Recruiting/August 2019	20 estimated	NCT02930993	i.v. infusion with 5 × 104-1 × 107/kg MSLN-CAR T cells in a three-day split-dose regime. Cyclophosphamide preconditioning.
	University of Pennsylvania, USA	Pancreatic cancer Mesothelioma	Completed/September 2017	18 actual	NCT01355965	Three infusions of 1 × 108-1 × 109 mRNA MSLN-CAR T cells every other day for 2-cycle of three infusions. The pancreatic patient was given eight doses i.v. infusions and two intratumor injections. Anti-tumor effect observed and no overt toxicities (36).
	University of Pennsylvania/University of California, USA	Pancreatic cancer	Completed/November, 2017	4 actual	NCT02465983	i.v. infusion of 1–3 × 107/m2 or 1 × 108/m2 combined lentiviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells and CD19-CAR T cells (to deplete B cells and impede the antibody response against MSLN CAR T cells) with cyclophosphamide preconditioning.
	First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China	Pancreatic cancer	Active, not recruiting/October, 2020	10 estimated	NCT03497819	Pancreatic arterial or i.v. infusion of lentiviral transduced MSLN-CAR T cells and CD19 CAR T cells with cyclophosphamide preconditioning.
	Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd. China	Pancreatic cancer	Unknown/September 2018	30 estimated	NCT02706782	Transcatheter arterial infusion of 1–10 × 106 MSLN-CAR+ T cells/kg. Cyclophosphamide preconditioning.
MSLN, PSCA, CEA, HER2, MUC1, EGFRvIII and other targets	First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University/Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Bio-medicine Technology Co.,Ltd. China	Pancreatic cancer	Recruiting/June 2019	10 estimated	NCT03267173	A single dose of 107 /kg CAR T cells administered i.v.
	Cancer Research UK, UK	Pancreatic cancer Breast cancer Colorectal cancer Gastric cancer Lung cancer Ovarian cancer Unspecified adult solid tumor	Terminated/April 2010	14 actual	NCT01212887	The pancreatic cancer patient received 109-5 × 1010 retroviral transduced CEA CAR T cells i.v. and seven doses IL-2 with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine preconditioning. All patients had adverse events with grade ≤ 2 and lack of prolonged CAR T cell persistence led to the premature termination of the trial. No objective clinical response observed although serum CEA level reduced in the pancreatic cancer patient (47).
CEA	Roger Williams Medical Centre/University of Colorado, USA	Liver metastases Pancreatic cancer	Active, not recruiting/August, 2018	5 actual	NCT02850536	Three hepatic artery infusions of CEA-CAR T cells delivered by the Surefire Infusion System at 1-week intervals. Low dose IL-2 for 4 weeks.
	Southwest Hospital, China	Pancreatic cancer Lung cancer Colorectal cancer Gastric cancer Breast cancer	Recruiting/December, 2019	75 estimated	NCT02349724	CEA-CAR T cells were well-tolerated in high doses with some efficacy reported in the colorectal cancer cohort (105).
	Roger Williams Medical Center/Sirtex Medical, USA	Liver metastases	Active, not recruiting/January 2019	8 actual	NCT02416466	Three doses of CEA-CAR T cells and 1 dose of Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) with Yttrium-90 at 2-weeks intervals combined with low dose IL-2 for 6 weeks.
PSCA	Bellicum Pharmaceutical, USA	PDAC Gastric adenocarcinoma Prostate adenocarcinoma	Recruiting/December, 2020	138 estimated	NCT02744287	i.v. infusion of retroviral transduced PSCA CAR T cells (BPX-601) with rimiducid (a homodimerizing molecule that enhances BPX-601 activation).
CD70	National Cancer Institute, USA	Pancreatic cancer Renal cell cancer Breast cancer Melanoma Ovarian cancer	Recruiting/January, 2028	113 estimated	NCT02830724	i.v. infusion of retroviral transduced CAR T cells. The CAR consists of the CD70 receptor CD27. Cyclophosphamide and fludarabine preconditioning with high dose IL-2.
MUC1	PersonGen BioTherapeutics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd./The First People's Hospital of Hefei; Hefei Binhu Hospital, China	Pancreatic carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Triple-negative invasive breast carcinoma	Unknown/October, 2018	20 estimated	NCT02587689
	PersonGen BioTherapeutics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd./The First People's Hospital of Hefei/Hefei Binhu Hospital, China	Pancreatic carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Triple negative invasive breast carcinoma Malignant glioma of brain Colorectal carcinoma Gastric carcinoma	Unknown/July, 2018	10 estimated	NCT02839954	Anti-MUC1 CAR-NK cells.
HER2	Southwest Hospital, China	Pancreatic cancer Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Lung cancer Gastric cancer Colorectal cancer Glioma	Recruiting/September, 2019	60 estimated	NCT02713984
EpCAM	First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China	Pancreatic cancer Colon cancer Esophageal carcinoma Prostate cancer Gastric cancer Hepatic carcinoma	Recruiting/December, 2020	60 estimated	NCT03013712	1–10 × 106 lentiviral transduced EpCAM-CAR+ T cells/kg. Vascular interventional or endoscopy infusion. Precondition before CAR T cell infusion.
Claudin 18.2	CARsgen Therapeutics, Ltd., China	Pancreatic carcinoma Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction	Not recruiting/December, 2020	48 estimated	NCT03302403	i.v. infusion. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide preconditioning.
	Changhai Hospital/CARsgen Therapeutics, Ltd., China	PDAC Advanced gastric adenocarcinoma	Recruiting/December 2021	24 estimated	NCT03159819	i.v. infusion of lentiviral transduced CAR T cells with lymphodepletion preconditioning.
CD133	Chinese PLA General Hospital, China	Pancreatic cancer Liver cancer Brain tumor Breast cancer Ovarian tumor Colorectal cancer Acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias	Unknown/October 2018	20 estimated	NCT02541370	Retroviral transduced CD133-CAR T cells.