Table 1.

Application of genome editing tools in different plant species to improve yield, biotic, and abiotic stress resistance, and nutritional quality.

Target trait	Plant species	Targeted sequence(s)	Results	Method	Reference
Yield	Oryza sativa	GS3, Gn1a	Grain size and number increase	CRISPR/Cas9	Shen et al., 2018a
	Oryza sativa	GW2, GW5, TGW6	Grain weight increase	CRISPR/Cas9	Xu et al., 2016
	Oryza sativa	Gn1a, DEP1, GS3	Grain size and number increase and dense, erect panicles	CRISPR/Cas9	Li M. et al., 2016
Virus resistance	Arabidopsis thaliana	eIF(iso)4E	Potyvirus resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Pyott et al., 2016
	Arabidopsis thaliana	BSCTV genome	Beet severe curly top virus resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Ji et al., 2015
	Cucumis sativus	eIF4E1	Cucumber vein yellowing virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and papaya ring spot mosaic virus-W resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Chandrasekaran et al., 2016
	Nicotiana benthamiana	BSCTV genome	Beet severe curly top virus resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Ji et al., 2015
	Nicotiana benthamiana	TYLCV genome	Tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Ali et al., 2015a
	Nicotiana benthamiana	AGO2	Virus resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Ludman et al., 2017
Fungus resistance	Oryza sativa	OsERF922	Rice blast resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Wang et al., 2016
	Solanum lycopersicum	SlMlo	Powdery mildew resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Nekrasov et al., 2017
	Triticum aestivum	TaMLO-A1	Powdery mildew resistance	CRISPR/Cas9 TALEN	Wang et al., 2014
Bacterial resistance	Citrus sinensis Osbeck	CsLOB1	Canker resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Peng et al., 2017
	Oryza sativa	OsSWEET13	Bacterial blight resistance	CRISPR/Cas9	Zhou et al., 2015
	Oryza sativa	Os11N3 (OsSWEET14)	Bacterial blight resistance	TALEN	Li T. et al., 2012
Drought tolerance	Arabidopsis	mir169a	Improved drought tolerance	CRISPR/Cas9	Zhao et al., 2016
	Zea mays	ARGOS8	Improved grain yield under field drought stress conditions	CRISPR/Cas9	Shi et al., 2017
Salt tolerance	Oryza sativa	OsRAV2	Salt stress tolerance	CRISPR/Cas9	Duan et al., 2016
Herbicide tolerance	Linum usitatissimum	EPSPS	Glyphosate tolerance	CRISPR/Cas9	Sauer et al., 2016
	Nicotiana tabacum	MEL1	Herbicide tolerance	ZFN	Cai et al., 2009
	Nicotiana tabacum	ALS	Resistance to imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides	TALEN	Zhang et al., 2013
	Oryza sativa	ALS	Chlorsulfuron and bispyribac sodium tolerance	CRISPR/Cas9	Sun et al., 2016
	Oryza sativa	EPSPS	Glyphosate tolerance	CRISPR/Cas9	Li J. et al., 2016
	Solanum tuberosum	ALS1	Chlorsulfuron and bispyribac sodium tolerance	CRISPR/Cas9	Butler et al., 2016
	Zea mays	IPK1	Herbicide tolerance	ZFN	Shukla et al., 2009
Nutritional improvement	Camelina sativa	FAD2	Enhancement of seed oil	CRISPR/Cas9	Jiang et al., 2017
	Oryza sativa	SBEI, SBEIIb	High amylose content	CRISPR/Cas9	Sun et al., 2017
	Oryza sativa	OsBADH22	Increased fragrance content	TALEN	Shan et al., 2015
	Solanum tuberosum	GBSS	High-amylopectin starch	CRISPR/Cas9	Andersson et al., 2017
	Zea mays	ZmIPK	Reduced phytic acid content	CRISPR/Cas9 TALEN	Liang et al., 2014

¹eIF4E, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. ²BADH, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase.