Table 2.
Interaction Effect between Poor Sleep Quality and Change in the Level of Social Engagement on Subsequent Peptic Ulcer Recurrence (n = 1,420).
| Variables | Multivariate Model 1a | Multivariate Model 2b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age | 1.739 (0.969, 3.295) | 0.263 | 1.635 (0.872, 2.591) | 0.190 |
| Female gender | 0.901 (0.728, 1.239) | 0.180 | 0.891 (0.690, 1.282) | 0.219 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 1.392 (0.931, 2.308) | 0.120 | 1.293 (0.849, 2.971) | 0.271 |
| Socioeconomic status (Living under local poverty line) | 1.298 (1.013, 2.308) | 0.018 | 1.271 (1.001, 2.510) | 0.028 |
| Bacteriologic factors | ||||
| H. pylori reinfection | 2.621 (1.410, 5.226) | <0.001 | 2.695 (1.672, 4.059) | ˂0.001 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Excessive alcohol consumption | 1.523 (0.941, 2.082) | 0.082 | 1.387 (0.950, 2.167) | 0.092 |
| Medical condition | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.859 (1.256, 2.825) | <0.001 | 1.756 (1.136, 2.767) | 0.003 |
| Psychological factors | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 2.079 (1.195, 3.608) | 0.028 | 2.062 (1.175, 3.552) | 0.046 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorders | 1.816 (0.916, 3.228) | 0.085 | 1.756 (0.862, 3.174) | 0.086 |
| Change in the levels of social engagement | ||||
| Decreased | 2.023 (1.218, 3.208) | 0.019 | 1.958 (1.022, 3.027) | 0.020 |
| Unchanged | 1.668 (1.021, 2.075) | 0.045 | 1.518 (0.977, 2.013) | 0.069 |
| Increased | 1.268 (0.766, 3.159) | 0.227 | 1.194 (0.657, 2.938) | 0.271 |
| None (ref.) | ||||
| Sleep Quality | ||||
| Poor | 1.965 (1.002, 3.518) | 0.026 | 1.906 (1.008, 3.139) | 0.046 |
| Good (ref.) | ||||
| Interactions | ||||
| Poor sleep quality × decreased level of social engagement | 2.008 (1.169, 3.366) | 0.016 | ||
| Poor sleep quality × unchanged level of social engagement | 1.836 (1.050, 3.079) | 0.038 | ||
| Poor sleep quality × decreased level of social engagement | 1.566 (1.008, 2.989) | 0.049 | ||
| Poor sleep × no social engagement (ref.) | ||||
aMultivariate Model 1 includes age, female gender, BMI, socioeconomic status, H. pylori reinfection, cardiovascular disease, excessive alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, and change in the levels of social engagement as covariates, and poor sleep quality as the major independent variable.
bMultivariate Model 2 includes age, female gender, BMI, socioeconomic status, H. pylori reinfection, cardiovascular disease, excessive alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, Generalized Anxiety Disorders as covariates; poor sleep quality and change in the levels of social engagement as the main effect; and poor sleep quality × change in the levels of social engagement as the tested interaction effect.