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. 2019 Feb 18;9:2175. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38628-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alternative metabolic pathways in AIEC strain LF82 are induced in the small intestine of mice. Sixteen mice were inoculated with AIEC strain LF82. Cholestyramine (2%), a bile acid sequestrant, was added or not to the drinking water. (A) The mRNA of AIEC strain LF82 was extracted from the ileum of mice, and qPCR was performed for representative genes of major metabolic pathways that we had identified in this study (ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol utilization, citrate degradation and methyl-citrate pathway). (B) Ileal mucosal-associated LF82 bacteria from mice treated or not treated with cholestyramine (2%) were quantified. Values are means ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed with a Mann-Whitney test; *p < 0.05.